{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:25:01Z","timestamp":1793118301676,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004385","name":"Universiteit Gent","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["assistantship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["assistantship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004385","name":"Universiteit Gent","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GOA grant 01G01317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOA grant 01G01317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FWO.SPB.2019.002.01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWO.SPB.2019.002.01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G.0176.15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G.0176.15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012220","name":"Hercules Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AUGE-035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AUGE-035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012220","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Beta-glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides present in cell walls of fungi, yeast, bacteria, cereals, seaweed, and algae. These microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) possess immunomodulatory properties. In human, it has been suggested that NK cells can be activated by \u03b2-glucans. Here, we aimed to elucidate whether \u03b2-glucans modulate porcine NK cell responses\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and if so, how these effects are mediated. We investigated the effect of two \u03b2-glucans, Macrogard and Curdlan, which differ in solubility and structure. Direct addition of \u03b2-glucans to purified porcine NK cells did not affect cytotoxicity of these cells against K562 target cells. However, when using PBMC instead of purified NK cells, \u03b2-glucan addition significantly increased NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This effect depended on factors secreted by CD14+ monocytes upon \u03b2-glucan priming. Further analysis showed that monocytes secrete TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and IL-10 upon \u03b2-glucan addition. Of these, IL-10 turned out to play a critical role in \u03b2-glucan-triggered NK cell cytotoxicity, since depletion of IL-10 completely abrogated the \u03b2-glucan-induced increase in cytotoxicity. Furthermore, addition of recombinant IL-10 to purified NK cells was sufficient to enhance cytotoxicity. In conclusion, we show that \u03b2-glucans trigger IL-10 secretion by porcine monocytes, which in turn leads to increased NK cell cytotoxicity, and thereby identify IL-10 as a potent stimulus of porcine NK cell cytotoxicity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.634402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T17:45:33Z","timestamp":1613843133000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["\u03b2-Glucan-Induced IL-10 Secretion by Monocytes Triggers Porcine NK Cell Cytotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Leen","family":"Hermans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffi","family":"De 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