{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:12:40Z","timestamp":1782951160432,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinically, associations have been observed between Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and fibromyalgia. Nonetheless, population-based evidence evaluating the risk of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome in fibromyalgia patients is lacking. The main purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to determine the association between fibromyalgia and subsequent development of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective cohort study extracted data from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID) of the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI). During 2000-2012, patients with newly-diagnosed fibromyalgia (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 729.1) were defined as the exposure cohort. Age- and gender-matched individuals without fibromyalgia were used as the comparison cohort. The adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for the occurrence of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome in those with fibromyalgia were evaluated along with stratified analyses of different subgroups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 149,706 subjects whose data were extracted from the LHID, 74,853 subjects had coded fibromyalgia and 74,853 control subjects were without fibromyalgia. Compared to the control group, patients with fibromyalgia had an aHR of 2.00 (95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.52-2.61) for developing Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. In fibromyalgia patients aged 20-49 years, the aHR for future Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome was 3.07 (95% CI, 1.92-4.89).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with fibromyalgia, both males and females, have a higher risk for developing Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome than those without fibromyalgia, especially those aged 20-49 years. While managing patients, clinicians should be aware of the bidirectional association between the two diseases, which helps to understand the impact of the association on disease activity and diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.640618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T06:31:40Z","timestamp":1618209100000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Higher Risk for Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome in Patients With Fibromyalgia: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort 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