{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:27:35Z","timestamp":1791833255033,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of effective vaccines and delivery systems in aquaculture is a long-term challenge for controlling emerging and reemerging infections. Cost-efficient and advanced nanoparticle vaccines are of tremendous applicability in prevention of infectious diseases of fish. In this study, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) antigens of <jats:italic>Vibrio alginolyticus<\/jats:italic> were loaded into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) to compose the vaccine delivery system. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HP55) was coated to provide protection of immunogen. The morphology, loading capacity, acid-base triggered release were characterized and the toxicity of nanoparticle vaccine was determined <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Further, the vaccine immune effects were evaluated in large yellow croaker <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> oral administration. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> studies confirmed that the antigen could be stable in enzymes-rich artificial gastric fluid and released under artificial intestinal fluid environment. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> cytotoxicity assessment demonstrated the vaccines within 120 \u03bcg\/ml have good biocompatibility for large yellow croaker kidney cells. Our data confirmed that the nanoparticle vaccine <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> could elicit innate and adaptive immune response, and provide good protection against <jats:italic>Vibrio alginolyticus<\/jats:italic> challenge. The MSN delivery system prepared may be a potential candidate carrier for fish vaccine <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> oral administration feeding. Further, we provide theoretical basis for developing convenient, high-performance, and cost-efficient vaccine against infectious diseases in aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.644396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T04:22:03Z","timestamp":1618806123000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["pH-Controlled Release of Antigens Using Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Delivery System for Developing a Fish Oral 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