{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T21:24:47Z","timestamp":1771881887103,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010040","name":"Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Chlamydia psittaci<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>) is a common zoonotic agent that affects both poultry and humans. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory factor produced during chlamydial infection, while dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful antigen-presenting cells that induce a primary immune response in the host. However, IL-10 and DCs regulatory mechanisms in <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> infection remain elusive. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> investigations of the regulatory mechanisms were performed. IL-10<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice, conditional DCs depletion mice (zinc finger dendritic cell-diphtheria toxin receptor [zDC-DTR]), and double-deficient mice (DD, IL-10<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\/zDC<jats:sup>DTR\/DTR<\/jats:sup>) were intranasally infected with <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>. The results showed that more than 90% of IL-10<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice, 70% of wild-type mice, and 60% of double-deficient mice survived, whereas all zDC-DTR mice died. A higher lymphocyte proliferation index was found in the IL-10 inhibitor mice and IL-10<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice. Moreover, severe lesions and high bacterial loads were detected in the zDC-DTR mice compared with double-deficient mice. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> studies revealed increased OX40-OX40 ligand (OX40-OX40L) activation and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cell proliferation. Besides, the expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), and regulatory T cells were significantly reduced in the co-culture system of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells and IL-10<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> DCs in <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> infection. Additionally, the activation of the NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome increased to facilitate the apoptosis of DCs, leading to rapid clearance of <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>. Our study showed that IL-10<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> upregulated the function of deficient DCs by activating OX40-OX40L, T cells, and the NLPR3 inflammasome, and inhibiting IDO, and regulatory T cells. These effects enhanced the survival rate of mice and <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> clearance. Our research highlights the mechanism of IL-10 interaction with DCs, OX40-OX40L, and the NLPR3 inflammasome, as potential targets against <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.645653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T06:55:41Z","timestamp":1621580141000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["IL-10\u2212\/\u2212 Enhances DCs Immunity Against Chlamydia psittaci Infection via OX40L\/NLRP3 and IDO\/Treg Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongkun","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yihui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanggang","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftu007","article-title":"Chlamydia Psittaci: Update on an Underestimated Zoonotic Agent","volume":"73","author":"Knittler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29421","article-title":"Chlamydia Psittaci Infection Increases Mortality of Avian Influenza Virus H9N2 by Suppressing Host Immune Response","volume":"6","author":"Chu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10040722","article-title":"Chlamydia Psittaci Triggers the Invasion of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus by Impairing the Functions of Chicken Macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim (Basel)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062003","article-title":"Chlamydia Psittaci PmpD-N Exacerbated Chicken Macrophage Function by Triggering Th2 Polarization and the TLR2\/MyD88\/NF-kappaB Signaling Pathway","volume":"21","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0040023","article-title":"Persistent Coxiella Burnetii Infection in Mice Overexpressing IL-10: An Efficient Model for Chronic Q Fever Pathogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Meghari","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.7","article-title":"The Role of IL-10 in Immune Regulation During M. 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