{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:36:33Z","timestamp":1792683393793,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> To evaluate the potential of serum neurofilament light (sNfL) and serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP) as disease biomarkers in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) with aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-ab) or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Patients with AQP4-ab-positive NMOSD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 51), MOGAD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 42), and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 31 for sNfL and <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 22 for sGFAP testing), as well as healthy controls (HCs) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 28), were enrolled prospectively. We assessed sNfL and sGFAP levels using ultrasensitive single-molecule array assays. Correlations of sNfL and sGFAP levels with clinical parameters were further examined in AQP4-ab-positive NMOSD and MOGAD patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> sNfL levels were significantly higher in patients with AQP4-ab-positive NMOSD (median 17.6 pg\/mL), MOGAD (27.2 pg\/mL), and RRMS (24.5 pg\/mL) than in HCs (7.4 pg\/mL, all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). sGFAP levels were remarkably increased in patients with AQP4-ab-positive NMOSD (274.1 pg\/mL) and MOGAD (136.7 pg\/mL) than in HCs (61.4 pg\/mL, both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). Besides, sGFAP levels were also significantly higher in patients with AQP4-ab-positive NMOSD compared to those in RRMS patients (66.5 pg\/mL, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). The sGFAP\/sNfL ratio exhibited good discrimination among the three disease groups. sNfL levels increased during relapse in patients with MOGAD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.049) and RRMS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), while sGFAP levels increased during relapse in all three of the disease groups (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Both sNfL and sGFAP concentrations correlated positively with Expanded Disability Status Scale scores in AQP4-ab-positive NMOSD (\u03b2 = 1.88, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.018 and \u03b2 = 2.04, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.032) and MOGAD patients (\u03b2 = 1.98, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.013 and \u03b2 = 1.52, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.008).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> sNfL and sGFAP levels are associated with disease severity in AQP4-ab-positive NMOSD and MOGAD patients, and the sGFAP\/sNfL ratio may reflect distinct disease pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.647618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T06:21:08Z","timestamp":1615875668000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Serum Neurofilament Light and GFAP Are Associated With Disease Severity in Inflammatory Disorders With Aquaporin-4 or Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xuechun","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingzi","family":"ZhangBao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanzhen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongbo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70216-8","article-title":"The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica","volume":"6","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17551-X","article-title":"A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Lennon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050304","article-title":"IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel","volume":"202","author":"Lennon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000089","article-title":"MOG cell-based assay detects non-MS patients with inflammatory neurologic disease","volume":"2","author":"Waters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0719-z","article-title":"MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. 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