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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Insulin and proinsulin autoantibodies (IAA\/PAA) are usually the first markers to appear in patients with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and their prevalence ranges from 10 to 60% in the child-adolescent population. The reference method for IAA\/PAA detection is the Radioligand Binding Assay (RBA), a highly specific and sensitive technique, but expensive and polluting. The aim of this work was to develop a novel flow cytometric microsphere-based immunoassay (FloCMIA) for PAA detection, employing recombinant human proinsulin (PI), as an alternative method to RBA, less expensive and harmful to the environment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human PI was expressed as Thioredoxin fusion protein (TrxPI) in <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and a fraction was biotinylated. A double paratope model was used in which samples were incubated with TrxPI\u2013biotin and microspheres adsorbed with TrxPI. The immune complexes were revealed using Streptavidin\u2013Phycoerythrin. The geometric mean of the signals was analyzed, and the results were expressed as Standard Deviation scores (SDs). Sera from 100 normal human control and from 111 type 1 diabetic patients were evaluated by FloCMIA. To correlate the novel assay with RBA, 51 diabetic patients were selected, spanning a wide range of PAA reactivity by RBA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study of ROC curves allowed choosing a cut-off value of 3.0 SDs and the AUC was 0.705, indicating that FloCMIA has fair ability to distinguish between samples from each group. A prevalence of 50% for PAA was obtained in the population of diabetic patients studied. The specificity was 96% and the analytical sensitivity (percentage of patients RBA positive, also positive by FloCMIA) was 69%. There was a substantial agreement between methods (kappa statistic=0.700).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A novel immunoassay based on flow cytometry that uses easy-to produce recombinant PI was developed. This assay constitutes an innovative and cost-effective alternative to RBA for the determination of PAA in patients\u2019 sera. The method developed here, presents good performance and a wide dynamic range together with a small required sample volume. Furthermore, these results make it possible to develop multiplex immunoassays that allow the combined detection of autoantibodies present in T1DM and other related autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.648021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T14:02:19Z","timestamp":1617717739000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Novel Flow Cytometric Immunoassay for Detection of Proinsulin Autoantibodies in Diabetes Mellitus Employing a Recombinant Autoantigen Expressed in E. coli"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Adriana Victoria","family":"Sabljic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvina Sonia","family":"Bombicino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan 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