{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:52:48Z","timestamp":1790304768683,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>) is an important zoonotic food-borne pathogen causing severe invasive infections, such as sepsis, pneumonia, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome and autoimmune diseases. Staphylococcal enterotoxin O (SEO) is a new type of enterotoxins of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> with superantigenic and emetic activity. However, it is still unclear about SEO-induced host inflammatory response. Therefore, the mechanism of SEO-induced interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) secretion in mouse neutrophils was investigated in this study. Our results showed that recombinant SEO had superantigenic activity with high level of gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) production in mouse spleen cells and induced inflammatory cytokines expression including IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 in neutrophils under the action of ATP. In addition, SEO-induced IL-1\u03b2 secretion was dependent on activation of Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways. However, SEO-induced IL-1\u03b2 secretion was abolished in the neutrophils of NLRP3<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup> mice compared with those of wild type mice, indicating that activation of NLRP3 inflammasome mediated IL-1\u03b2 secretion during neutrophils stimulation with SEO under the action of ATP. Moreover, this process of SEO+ATP-induced IL-1\u03b2 secretion was dependent on potassium (K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) efflux. Taken together, our study suggests that activation of TLR4\/JNK\/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway mediate maturation and secretion of IL-1\u03b2 and provides a new insight on <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> virulence factor-induced host immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.649235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T05:38:53Z","timestamp":1620106733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["ATP Facilitates Staphylococcal Enterotoxin O Induced Neutrophil IL-1\u03b2 Secretion via NLRP3 Inflammasome Dependent 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