{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:54:13Z","timestamp":1791453253396,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In cystic fibrosis (CF) infectious and allergic airway inflammation cause pulmonary exacerbations that destroy the lungs. <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> is a common long-term colonizer and cause of recurrent airway infections in CF. The pathogen is also associated with respiratory allergy; especially the staphylococcal serine protease-like proteins (Spls) can induce type 2 immune responses in humans and mice. We measured the serum IgE levels specific to 7 proteases of <jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic> by ELISA, targeting 5 Spls (76 CF patients and 46 controls) and the staphopains A and B (16 CF patients and 46 controls). Then we compared cytokine release and phenotype of T\u00a0cells that had been stimulated with Spls between 5 CF patients and 5 controls. CF patients had strongly increased serum IgE binding to all Spls but not to the staphopains. Compared to healthy controls, their Spl-stimulated T\u00a0cells released more type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and more IL-6 with no difference in the secretion of type 1- or type 3 cytokines (IFN\u03b3, IL-17A, IL-17F). IL-10 production was low in CF T\u00a0cells. The phenotype of the Spl-exposed T\u00a0cells shifted towards a Th2 or Th17 profile in CF but to a Th1 profile in controls. Sensitization to <jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic> Spls is common in CF. This discovery could explain episodes of allergic inflammation of hitherto unknown causation in CF and extend the diagnostic and therapeutic portfolio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.651060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T06:20:34Z","timestamp":1616480434000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Allergic Reactions to Serine Protease-Like Proteins of Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Nordengr\u00fcn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goran","family":"Abdurrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janina","family":"Treffon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"W\u00e4chter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara C.","family":"Kahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara M.","family":"Br\u00f6ker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30337-6","article-title":"The future of cystic fibrosis care: a global perspective","volume":"8","author":"Bell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Annual Data Report","year":"2018"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2019.08.006","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of the respiratory bacteriology of patients with cystic fibrosis-data from the European cystic fibrosis society patient registry","volume":"19","author":"Hatziagorou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315331","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus in families with and without cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"181","author":"Goerke","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12050279","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity in cystic fibrosis patients-results from an observational prospective multicenter study concerning virulence genes, phylogeny, and gene plasticity","volume":"12","author":"Lange","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.09.084","article-title":"Pulmonary exacerbations in adults with cystic fibrosis - a grown-up issue in a changing CF landscape","volume":"159","author":"Stanford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24537","article-title":"State of the art in cystic fibrosis pharmacology-Optimization of antimicrobials in the treatment of cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations: I. 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