{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:01:34Z","timestamp":1790013694868,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 AR072000 , P30 AR069655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 AR072000 , P30 AR069655"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI111914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI111914"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the predominant pathogen causing osteomyelitis. Unfortunately, no immunotherapy exists to treat these very challenging and costly infections despite decades of research, and numerous vaccine failures in clinical trials. This lack of success can partially be attributed to an overreliance on murine models where the immune correlates of protection often diverge from that of humans. Moreover,\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    secretes numerous immunotoxins with unique tropism to human leukocytes, which compromises the targeting of immune cells in murine models. To study the response of human immune cells during chronic\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    bone infections, we engrafted non-obese diabetic (NOD)\u2013\n                    <jats:italic>scid<\/jats:italic>\n                    IL2R\u03b3\n                    <jats:sup>null<\/jats:sup>\n                    (NSG) mice with human hematopoietic stem cells (huNSG) and analyzed protection in an established model of implant-associated osteomyelitis. The results showed that huNSG mice have increases in weight loss, osteolysis, bacterial dissemination to internal organs, and numbers of Staphylococcal abscess communities (SACs), during the establishment of implant-associated MRSA osteomyelitis compared to NSG controls (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry demonstrated greater human T cell numbers in infected versus uninfected huNSG mice (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05), and that T-bet\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    human T cells clustered around the SACs, suggesting\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    -mediated activation and proliferation of human T cells in the infected bone. Collectively, these proof-of-concept studies underscore the utility of huNSG mice for studying an aggressive form of\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    osteomyelitis, which is more akin to that seen in humans. We have also established an experimental system to investigate the contribution of specific human T cells in controlling\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and dissemination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.651515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:46:47Z","timestamp":1616028407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Humanized Mice Exhibit Exacerbated Abscess Formation and Osteolysis During the Establishment of Implant-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gowrishankar","family":"Muthukrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Wallimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Rangel-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L. de Mesy","family":"Bentley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Hildebrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Mys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Mark","family":"Kenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric T.","family":"Sumrall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John L.","family":"Daiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Zeiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Geoff","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward M.","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Fintan","family":"Moriarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24293","article-title":"International Consensus Meeting on Musculoskeletal Infection: Research Priorities from the General Assembly Questions","volume":"37","author":"Schwarz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00111-13","article-title":"Prosthetic joint infection","volume":"27","author":"Tande","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00587","article-title":"Future clinical and economic impact of revision total hip and knee arthroplasty","volume":"89","author":"Kurtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.08.006","article-title":"Pathogenesis and management of fracture-related infection","volume":"26","author":"Depypere","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001614","article-title":"Diagnosing Fracture-Related Infection: Current Concepts and Recommendations","volume":"34","author":"Govaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001742","article-title":"Commentary on Secondary Fracture Prevention: Consensus Clinical Recommendations From a Multistakeholder Coalition Originally Published in the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research","volume":"34","author":"Kates","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2019.10.056","article-title":"Streamlining Hospital Treatment of Prosthetic Joint Infection","volume":"35","author":"Goodson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.09.014","article-title":"Recent lessons for the management of bone and joint infections","volume":"68","author":"Kaplan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2017.03.001","article-title":"New strategies for targeting and treatment of multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"31","author":"Assis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Resist Update"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12570","article-title":"Where does a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine stand","volume":"20","author":"Fowler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0037-2018","article-title":"Immunity to Staphylococcus aureus: Implications for Vaccine Development","volume":"7","author":"Proctor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuz030","article-title":"Development of a vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus invasive infections: Evidence-based on human immunity, genetics, and bacterial evasion mechanisms","volume":"44","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1079","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus protein A induces airway epithelial inflammatory responses by activating TNFR1","volume":"10","author":"Gomez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00289-15","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus adaptation to human keratinocytes","volume":"6","author":"Soong","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.07.039","article-title":"Necroptosis Promotes Staphylococcus aureus Clearance by Inhibiting Excessive Inflammatory Signaling","volume":"16","author":"Kitur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003871","article-title":"Igniting the fire: Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors in the pathogenesis of sepsis","volume":"10","author":"Powers","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2423","article-title":"In vivo detection of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis by targeting pathogen-specific prothrombin activation","volume":"17","author":"Panizzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B18","article-title":"Development of a mouse model of induced Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis","volume":"57","author":"Gibson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601956200","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus protein A activates TNFR1 signaling through conserved IgG binding domains","volume":"281","author":"Gomez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2009.10.003","article-title":"Interaction of staphylococci with bone","volume":"300","author":"Wright","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-018-9501-4","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Evasion of Host Immunity in the Setting of Prosthetic Joint Infection: Biofilm and Beyond","volume":"11","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008988","article-title":"Identification of Penicillin Binding Protein 4 (PBP4) as a critical factor for Staphylococcus aureus bone invasion during osteomyelitis in mice","volume":"16","author":"Masters","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.141164","article-title":"IsdB antibody-mediated sepsis following S. aureus surgical site infection","volume":"5","author":"Nishitani","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01335-06","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus IsdB is a hemoglobin receptor required for heme iron utilization","volume":"188","author":"Torres","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.02.097","article-title":"IsdA and IsdB antibodies protect mice against Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation and lethal challenge","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00085-09","article-title":"Selection and characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus iron-regulated surface determinant B with functional activity in vitro and in vivo","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.4.2215-2223.2006","article-title":"A novel Staphylococcus aureus vaccine: iron surface determinant B induces rapid antibody responses in rhesus macaques and specific increased survival in a murine S. aureus sepsis model","volume":"74","author":"Kuklin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.3010","article-title":"Effect of an investigational vaccine for preventing Staphylococcus aureus infections after cardiothoracic surgery: a randomized trial","volume":"309","author":"Fowler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003143","article-title":"Bacterial survival amidst an immune onslaught: the contribution of the Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxins","volume":"9","author":"Alonzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00055-13","article-title":"The bicomponent pore-forming leucocidins of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"78","author":"Alonzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-02-0516","article-title":"Development of functional human blood and immune systems in NOD\/SCID\/IL2 receptor {gamma} chain(null) mice","volume":"106","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.10.6477","article-title":"Human lymphoid and myeloid cell development in NOD\/LtSz-scid IL2R gamma null mice engrafted with mobilized human hemopoietic stem cells","volume":"174","author":"Shultz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-11-4388","article-title":"Reconstitution of a functional human immune system in immunodeficient mice through combined human fetal thymus\/liver and CD34+ cell transplantation","volume":"108","author":"Lan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2014.02.011","article-title":"Generation of improved humanized mouse models for human infectious diseases","volume":"410","author":"Brehm","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3311","article-title":"Humanized mice for immune system investigation: progress, promise and challenges","volume":"12","author":"Shultz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.07.026","article-title":"Humanized mouse models for Epstein Barr virus infection","volume":"25","author":"Munz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-101416-041703","article-title":"Humanized Mouse Models for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection","volume":"4","author":"Marsden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.3.16133","article-title":"Humanized mice for Salmonella typhi infection: new tools for an old problem","volume":"2","author":"Mian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001741","article-title":"Leishmania major infection in humanized mice induces systemic infection and provokes a nonprotective human immune response","volume":"6","author":"Wege","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv073","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Humanized Mice: A New Model to Study Pathogenicity Associated With Human Immune Response","volume":"212","author":"Knop","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005292","article-title":"Increased Susceptibility of Humanized NSG Mice to Panton-Valentine Leukocidin and Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection","volume":"11","author":"Tseng","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw425","article-title":"Humanized mice exhibit increased susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia","volume":"215","author":"Prince","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20452","article-title":"Quantitative mouse model of implant-associated osteomyelitis and the kinetics of microbial growth, osteolysis, and humoral immunity","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22907","article-title":"Quantifying the natural history of biofilm formation in vivo during the establishment of chronic implant-associated Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis in mice to identify critical pathogen and host factors","volume":"33","author":"Nishitani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.06.006","article-title":"Quantification of bone microstructure in the wrist using cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"114","author":"Mys","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1138\/20110506","article-title":"Anti-Glucosaminidase Monoclonal Antibodies as a Passive Immunization for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Orthopaedic Infections","volume":"8","author":"Varrone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bonekey Osteovision"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.10.014","article-title":"Monitoring immune responses in a mouse model of fracture fixation with and without Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis","volume":"83","author":"Rochford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4354-2","article-title":"A Diagnostic Serum Antibody Test for Patients With Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis","volume":"473","author":"Nishitani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24955","article-title":"Serum antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus can prognose treatment success in patients with bone infections","author":"Muthukrishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2000024","article-title":"A Bioinformatic Approach to Utilize a Patient\u2019s Antibody-Secreting Cells against Staphylococcus aureus to Detect Challenging Musculoskeletal Infections","volume":"4","author":"Muthukrishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunohorizons"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.01.007","article-title":"A play in four acts: Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-019-00548-4","article-title":"Mechanisms of Immune Evasion and Bone Tissue Colonization That Make Staphylococcus aureus the Primary Pathogen in Osteomyelitis","volume":"17","author":"Muthukrishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3308","article-title":"Models matter: the search for an effective Staphylococcus aureus vaccine","volume":"12","author":"Salgado-Pabon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0416-z","article-title":"Humanized immune system mouse models: progress, challenges and opportunities","volume":"20","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22672","article-title":"Passive immunization with anti-glucosaminidase monoclonal antibodies protects mice from implant-associated osteomyelitis by mediating opsonophagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus megaclusters","volume":"32","author":"Varrone","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Res"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.22203\/ecm.v027a15","article-title":"A systematic review of animal models for Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis","volume":"27","author":"Reizner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Cell Mater"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9849-4_15","article-title":"Preclinical Models and Methodologies for Monitoring Staphylococcus aureus Infections Using Noninvasive Optical Imaging","volume":"2069","author":"Archer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax7515","article-title":"Exploiting species specificity to understand the tropism of a human-specific toxin","volume":"6","author":"Boguslawski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI93356","article-title":"Inflammatory osteolysis: a conspiracy against bone","volume":"127","author":"Mbalaviele","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00304.x","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the clumping factor (fibrinogen receptor) of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"11","author":"McDevitt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6994","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.11.6994","article-title":"Chemotaxis inhibitory protein of Staphylococcus aureus binds specifically to the C5a and formylated peptide receptor","volume":"172","author":"Postma","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00709.x","article-title":"Early expression of SCIN and CHIPS drives instant immune evasion by Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"8","author":"Rooijakkers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00293-20","article-title":"Three-Dimensional In Vitro Staphylococcus aureus Abscess Communities Display Antibiotic Tolerance and Protection from Neutrophil Clearance","volume":"88","author":"Hofstee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens5010031","article-title":"The T Cell Response to Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"5","author":"Broker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005226","article-title":"Memory Th1 Cells Are Protective in Invasive Staphylococcus aureus Infection","volume":"11","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu525","article-title":"CD4+ T cells promote the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia","volume":"211","author":"Parker","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.10.006","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Epicutaneous Exposure Drives Skin Inflammation via IL-36-Mediated T Cell Responses","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv128","article-title":"The Fall of a Dogma? Unexpected High T-Cell Memory Response to Staphylococcus aureus in Humans","volume":"212","author":"Kolata","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI130728","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin suppresses antigen-specific T cell responses","volume":"130","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-014-2310-5","article-title":"Infectious versus non-infectious loosening of implants: activation of T lymphocytes differentiates between the two entities","volume":"38","author":"Dapunt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12245","article-title":"T cells from chronic bone infection show reduced proliferation and a high proportion of CD28(-) CD4 T cells","volume":"176","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.shk.0000192119.68295.14","article-title":"T lymphocytes in implant-associated posttraumatic osteomyelitis: Identification of cytotoxic T effector cells at the site of infection","volume":"25","author":"Wagner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2010\/526740","article-title":"Activation of T Lymphocytes in Response to Persistent Bacterial Infection: Induction of CD11b and of Toll-Like Receptors on T Cells","volume":"2010","author":"Kotsougiani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Inflam"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.12717\/DR.2019.23.2.079","article-title":"T Lymphocyte Development and Activation in Humanized Mouse Model","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Reprod"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-301507","article-title":"Development of human CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in human stem cell factor-, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-, and interleukin-3-expressing NOD-SCID IL2Rgamma(null) humanized mice","volume":"117","author":"Billerbeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.158","article-title":"AML xenograft efficiency is significantly improved in NOD\/SCID-IL2RG mice constitutively expressing human SCF, GM-CSF and IL-3","volume":"24","author":"Wunderlich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leukemia"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.651515\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:46:52Z","timestamp":1616028412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.651515\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.651515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.651515","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"article-number":"651515"}}