{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:00:59Z","timestamp":1788865259655,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Previously, we constructed a library of\n                    <jats:italic>Ligilactobacillus salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains from the intestine of wakame-fed pigs and reported a strain-dependent capacity to modulate IFN-\u03b2 expression in porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells. In this work, we further characterized the immunomodulatory activities of\n                    <jats:italic>L. salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains from wakame-fed pigs by evaluating their ability to modulate TLR3- and TLR4-mediated innate immune responses in PIE cells. Two strains with a remarkable immunomodulatory potential were selected:\n                    <jats:italic>L. salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n                    FFIG35 and FFIG58. Both strains improved IFN-\u03b2, IFN-\u03bb and antiviral factors expression in PIE cells after TLR3 activation, which correlated with an enhanced resistance to rotavirus infection. Moreover, a model of enterotoxigenic\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (ETEC)\/rotavirus superinfection in PIE cells was developed. Cells were more susceptible to rotavirus infection when the challenge occurred in conjunction with ETEC compared to the virus alone. However,\n                    <jats:italic>L. salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n                    FFIG35 and FFIG58 maintained their ability to enhance IFN-\u03b2, IFN-\u03bb and antiviral factors expression in PIE cells, and to reduce rotavirus replication in the context of superinfection. We also demonstrated that FFIG35 and FFIG58 strains regulated the immune response of PIE cells to rotavirus challenge or ETEC\/rotavirus superinfection through the modulation of negative regulators of the TLR signaling pathway.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies performed in mice models confirmed the ability of\n                    <jats:italic>L. salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n                    FFIG58 to beneficially modulate the innate immune response and protect against ETEC infection. The results of this work contribute to the understanding of beneficial lactobacilli interactions with epithelial cells and allow us to hypothesize that the FFIG35 or FFIG58 strains could be used for the development of highly efficient functional feed to improve immune health status and reduce the severity of intestinal infections and superinfections in weaned piglets.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.652923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T01:59:16Z","timestamp":1623031156000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Ligilactobacillus salivarius Strains Isolated From the Porcine Gut Modulate Innate Immune Responses in Epithelial Cells and Improve Protection Against Intestinal Viral-Bacterial Superinfection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yuhki","family":"Indo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shugo","family":"Kitahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikado","family":"Tomokiyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shota","family":"Araki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Aminul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binghui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Albarracin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wakako","family":"Ikeda-Ohtsubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomonori","family":"Nochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takato","family":"Takenouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirohide","family":"Uenishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisashi","family":"Aso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoichiro","family":"Kurata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Villena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruki","family":"Kitazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"\u201cRotavirus and Reovirus\u201d","volume-title":"Diseases of Swine","author":"Chang","year":"2012"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"\u201cReoviruses (Rotaviruses and Reoviruses)\u201d","volume-title":"Diseases of Swine","author":"Shepherd","year":"2012"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03193-12","article-title":"Detection and Genetic Diversity of Porcine Group a Rotaviruses in Historic (2004) and Recent (2011 and 2012) Swine Fecal Samples in Ohio: Predominance of the G9P[13] Genotype in Nursing Piglets","volume":"51","author":"Amimo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.05.018","article-title":"Characterization of a Genetically Heterogeneous Porcine Rotavirus C, and Other Viruses Present in the Fecal Virome of a Non-Diarrheic Belgian Piglet","volume":"43","author":"Theuns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Infezione Sperimentale in Suini Con Rotavirus Del Gruppo a Ed Escherichia Coli Enterotossico in India: Studio Delle Alterazioni Macroscopiche, Istopatologiche E Immunopatologiche","volume":"47","author":"Neog","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.04.002","article-title":"Porcine Group a Rotaviruses With Heterogeneous VP7 and VP4 Genotype Combinations Can be Found Together With Enteric Bacteria on Belgian Swine Farms","volume":"172","author":"Theuns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12080904","article-title":"Enteric Viral Co-Infections: Pathogenesis and Perspective","volume":"12","author":"Makimaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.281.2.g303","article-title":"Microbes and Microbial Toxins: Paradigms for Microbial-Mucosal Interactions VIII. 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