{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:02:08Z","timestamp":1792551728987,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> (cholecalciferol) is a secosteroid and prohormone which is metabolized in various tissues to the biologically most active vitamin D hormone 1,25(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> (calcitriol). 1,25(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> has multiple pleiotropic effects, particularly within the immune system, and is increasingly utilized not only within prophylaxis, but also within therapy of various diseases. In this context, the latest research has revealed clinical benefits of high dose vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> therapy in autoimmune diseases. The necessity of high doses of vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> for treatment success can be explained by the concept of an acquired form of vitamin D resistance. Its etiology is based on the one hand on polymorphisms within genes affecting the vitamin D system, causing susceptibility towards developing low vitamin D responsiveness and autoimmune diseases; on the other hand it is based on a blockade of vitamin D receptor signaling, e.g. through pathogen infections. In this paper, we review observational and mechanistic evidence for the acquired vitamin D resistance hypothesis. We particularly focus on its clinical confirmation from our experience of treating multiple sclerosis patients with the so-called Coimbra protocol, in which daily doses up to 1000 I.U. vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> per kg body weight can be administered safely. Parathyroid hormone levels in serum thereby provide the key information for finding the right dose. We argue that acquired vitamin D resistance provides a plausible pathomechanism for the development of autoimmune diseases, which could be treated using high-dose vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.655739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T05:36:25Z","timestamp":1617773785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Vitamin D Resistance as a Possible Cause of Autoimmune Diseases: A Hypothesis Confirmed by a Therapeutic High-Dose Vitamin D Protocol"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dirk","family":"Lemke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer Johannes","family":"Klement","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Schweiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrix","family":"Schweiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Spitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"In vivo threshold for cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3","volume":"114","author":"Matsuoka","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.26738","article-title":"Vitamin D: Update 2013. 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