{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:37:16Z","timestamp":1790807836331,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018818","name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K 109055, FIEK_16-1-2016-0005, NKFIH-1157\/8\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K 109055, FIEK_16-1-2016-0005, NKFIH-1157\/8\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003825","name":"Magyar Tudom\u00e1nyos Akad\u00e9mia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP2012-43, 0106307, TKI2017-02064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP2012-43, 0106307, TKI2017-02064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008361","name":"Scleroseforeningen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R399-A28099-B15690, R431-A29926, A31515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R399-A28099-B15690, R431-A29926, A31515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeckfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R118-A11472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R118-A11472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by pathogenic, complement-activating autoantibodies against the main water channel in the CNS, aquaporin 4 (AQP4). NMOSD is frequently associated with additional autoantibodies and antibody-mediated diseases. Because the alternative pathway amplifies complement activation, our aim was to evaluate the presence of autoantibodies against the alternative pathway C3 convertase, its components C3b and factor B, and the complement regulator factor H (FH) in NMOSD. Four out of 45 AQP4-seropositive NMOSD patients (~9%) had FH autoantibodies in serum and none had antibodies to C3b, factor B and C3bBb. The FH autoantibody titers were low in three and high in one of the patients, and the avidity indexes were low. FH-IgG complexes were detected in the purified IgG fractions by Western blot. The autoantibodies bound to FH domains 19-20, and also recognized the homologous FH-related protein 1 (FHR-1), similar to FH autoantibodies associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). However, in contrast to the majority of autoantibody-positive aHUS patients, these four NMOSD patients did not lack FHR-1. Analysis of autoantibody binding to FH19-20 mutants and linear synthetic peptides of the C-terminal FH and FHR-1 domains, as well as reduced FH, revealed differences in the exact binding sites of the autoantibodies. Importantly, all four autoantibodies inhibited C3b binding to FH. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that FH autoantibodies are not uncommon in NMOSD and suggest that generation of antibodies against complement regulating factors among other autoantibodies may contribute to the complement-mediated damage in NMOSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.660382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T12:46:09Z","timestamp":1619527569000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Autoantibodies Against the Complement Regulator Factor H in the Serum of Patients With Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Uzonyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zs\u00f3ka","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eszter","family":"Trojn\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satu","family":"Hyv\u00e4rinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katalin","family":"Uray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helle H.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Erdei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Sakari","family":"Jokiranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Proh\u00e1szka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Illes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mih\u00e1ly","family":"J\u00f3zsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011153","article-title":"Worldwide Incidence and Prevalence of Neuromyelitis Optica: A Systematic Review","volume":"96","author":"Papp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050304","article-title":"IgG Marker of Optic-Spinal Multiple Sclerosis Binds to the Aquaporin-4 Water Channel","volume":"202","author":"Lennon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17551-X","article-title":"A Serum Autoantibody Marker of Neuromyelitis Optica: Distinction from Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Lennon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302310","article-title":"Current concept of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and NMO spectrum disorders","volume":"84","author":"Jacob","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12271","article-title":"Neuromyelitis Optica: Clinical Features, Immunopathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"176","author":"Jarius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03066.x","article-title":"EFNS Guidelines on Diagnosis and Management of Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"17","author":"Sellner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1923","article-title":"Complement: a Key System for Immune Surveillance and Homeostasis","volume":"11","author":"Ricklin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00262","article-title":"Complement System Part I - Molecular Mechanisms of Activation and Regulation","volume":"6","author":"Merle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00257","article-title":"Complement System Part II: Role in Immunity","volume":"6","author":"Merle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2012.07.021","article-title":"Complement Dysregulation and Disease: from Genes and Proteins to Diagnostics and Drugs","volume":"217","author":"de Cordoba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2011.04.024","article-title":"Complement Activation by (auto-) Antibodies","volume":"48","author":"Daha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2013.05.009","article-title":"Autoantibodies Against Complement Components and Functional Consequences","volume":"56","author":"Dragon-Durey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2014.01.014","article-title":"Autoantibodies to Complement Components in C3 Glomerulopathy and Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome","volume":"160","author":"Jozsi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf151","article-title":"A role for Humoral Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Devic\u2019s Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"125","author":"Lucchinetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm047","article-title":"Loss of Aquaporin 4 in Lesions of Neuromyelitis Optica: Distinction from Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"130","author":"Misu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl371","article-title":"Pattern-Specific Loss of Aquaporin-4 Immunoreactivity Distinguishes Neuromyelitis Optica from Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"130","author":"Roemer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516669002","article-title":"Plasma Complement Biomarkers Distinguish Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder","volume":"23","author":"Hakobyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2014.07.001","article-title":"Complement Activation in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"274","author":"Nytrova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2013.09.010","article-title":"A Systematic Analysis of the Complement Pathways in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Indicates alterAtion but no Activation During Remission","volume":"57","author":"Veszeli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12098","article-title":"Experimental Models of Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"24","author":"Bradl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24630","article-title":"In Vivo Imaging Reveals Rapid Astrocyte Depletion and Axon Damage in a Model of Neuromyelitis Optica-Related Pathology","volume":"79","author":"Herwerth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.269","article-title":"Quantification and Functional Characterization of Antibodies to Native Aquaporin 4 in Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"67","author":"Kalluri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106824","article-title":"Targeting the complement system in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"16","author":"Asavapanumas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2021.1884223","article-title":"Recent Progress in Maintenance Treatment of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder","author":"Holmoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900866","article-title":"Eculizumab in Aquaporin-4-Positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder","volume":"381","author":"Pittock","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2017.1282821","article-title":"Therapeutic Complement Inhibition: a Promising Approach for Treatment of Neuroimmunological Diseases","volume":"17","author":"Pilch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.12284","article-title":"Self-Nonself Discrimination by the Complement System","volume":"590","author":"Meri","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2005.06.015","article-title":"Complement and Diseases: Defective Alternative Pathway Control Results in Kidney and Eye Diseases","volume":"43","author":"Zipfel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2012.07.016","article-title":"Manipulating the Mediator: Modulation of the Alternative Complement Pathway C3 Convertase in Health, Disease and Therapy","volume":"217","author":"Ricklin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.164.3878.436","article-title":"Serum C\u20193 lytic System in Patients with Glomerulonephritis","volume":"164","author":"Spitzer","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004050380","article-title":"Anti-Factor H Autoantibodies Associated with Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Dragon-Durey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-02-071472","article-title":"Anti factor H Autoantibodies Block C-Terminal Recognition Function of Factor H in Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome","volume":"110","author":"Jozsi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.175.4.939","article-title":"Activation of the Alternative Pathway of Complement by Monoclonal Lambda Light Chains in Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis","volume":"175","author":"Meri","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2010.05.007","article-title":"Complement Control Protein Factor H: the Good, the Bad, and the Inadequate","volume":"47","author":"Ferreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3390\/biom2010046","article-title":"Factor h: a Complement Regulator in Health and Disease, and a Mediator of Cellular Interactions","volume":"2","author":"Kopp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017087108","article-title":"Dual Interaction of Factor H with C3d and Glycosaminoglycans in host-nonhost Discrimination by Complement","volume":"108","author":"Kajander","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2018","article-title":"Structural Basis for Engagement by Complement Factor H of C3b on a self surface","volume":"18","author":"Morgan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2009.02.013","article-title":"The Spectrum of Phenotypes Caused by Variants in the CFH Gene","volume":"46","author":"Boon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03071.x","article-title":"The C-terminus of complement regulator factor H mediates target recognition: Evidence for a Compact conformation of the Native Protein","volume":"144","author":"Oppermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3310041","article-title":"The C-Terminus of Factor H: monoclonal Antibodies Inhibit Heparin Binding and Identify Epitopes Common to Factor H and Factor H-Related Proteins","volume":"331","author":"Prodinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir875","article-title":"Leptospiral Immunoglobulin-Like Proteins Interact with Human Complement Regulators Factor H, FHL-1, FHR-1, and C4BP","volume":"205","author":"Castiblanco-Valencia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(95)00360-I","article-title":"The Baculovirus Expression Vector pBSV-8His Directs Secretion of histidine-Tagged Proteins","volume":"162","author":"Kuhn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.630871","article-title":"The Major Autoantibody Epitope on Factor H in Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome is Structurally Different from its Homologous Site in Factor H-Related Protein 1, Supporting a Novel Model for Induction of Autoimmunity in this Disease","volume":"290","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2010.02.002","article-title":"Anti-factor B Autoantibody in Dense Deposit Disease","volume":"47","author":"Strobel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-15-0122","article-title":"Complement Factor H Antibodies from Lung Cancer Patients Induce Complement-Dependent Lysis of Tumor Cells, Suggesting a Novel Immunotherapeutic Strategy","volume":"3","author":"Campa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.12.005","article-title":"Heterogeneity but Individual Constancy of Epitopes, Isotypes and Avidity of Factor H Autoantibodies in Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Nozal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.135509","article-title":"Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies Have a Low Avidity Compared with Antibodies Against Recall Antigens","volume":"70","author":"Suwannalai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3998","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.13.3998","article-title":"Use of Peptide Synthesis to Probe Viral Antigens for Epitopes to a Resolution of a Single Amino Acid","volume":"81","author":"Geysen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxg122","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Linear Antibody Epitopes on Human and Mycobacterial 60-kDa Heat Shock Proteins Using Samples of Healthy Blood Donors","volume":"15","author":"Uray","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-011-0301-7","article-title":"Comparison of Epitope Specificity of Anti-Heat Shock Protein 60\/65 IgG Type Antibodies in the Sera of Healthy Subjects, Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"17","author":"Fust","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2008.064766","article-title":"The High Frequency of Complement Factor H Related CFHR1 Gene Deletion is Restricted to Specific Subgroups of Patients with Atypical Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Dragon-Durey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-09-109876","article-title":"Factor H Autoantibodies in Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Correlate with CFHR1\/CFHR3 Deficiency","volume":"111","author":"Jozsi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00302","article-title":"Analysis of Linear Antibody Epitopes on Factor H and CFHR1 Using Sera of Patients with Autoimmune Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Trojnar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1375297","article-title":"Complement Factor H-Antibody-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment","volume":"40","author":"Hofer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-0321","article-title":"Complement Factor H Autoantibodies are Associated with Early Stage NSCLC","volume":"16","author":"Amornsiripanitch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.150185","article-title":"Factor H Autoantibodies in Patients with Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Thrombosis","volume":"42","author":"Foltyn Zadura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R185","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4016","article-title":"Factor H Autoantibodies and Deletion of Complement Factor H-Related protein-1 in Rheumatic Diseases in Comparison to Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Foltyn Zadura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016030343","article-title":"Anti-Factor B and Anti-C3b Autoantibodies in C3 Glomerulopathy and Ig-Associated Membranoproliferative GN","volume":"28","author":"Marinozzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.250","article-title":"Sensitive and Specific Assays for C3 Nephritic Factors Clarify Mechanisms Underlying Complement Dysregulation","volume":"82","author":"Paixao-Cavalcante","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.647008","article-title":"Functional Characterization of Autoantibodies against Complement Component C3 in Patients with Lupus Nephritis","volume":"290","author":"Vasilev","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-05-221549","article-title":"Association of Factor H Autoantibodies with Deletions of CFHR1, CFHR3, CFHR4, and with Mutations in CFH, CFI, CD46, and C3 in Patients with Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.152","article-title":"Factor H-Related Protein 1 Neutralizes Anti-Factor H Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Strobel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.12.001","article-title":"The C-Terminus of Complement Factor H is Essential for Host Cell Protection","volume":"44","author":"Jozsi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0462-4","article-title":"Complement Regulator CD59 Prevents Peripheral Organ Injury in Rats Made Seropositive for Neuromyelitis Optica Immunoglobulin G","volume":"5","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515571446","article-title":"Role of Membrane Complement Regulators in Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"21","author":"Saadoun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b01111","article-title":"A Urinary Metabolic Signature for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"15","author":"Gebregiworgis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0139659","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139659","article-title":"The Urine Proteome Profile Is Different in Neuromyelitis Optica Compared to Multiple Sclerosis: A Clinical Proteome Study","volume":"10","author":"Nielsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12072","article-title":"Antibody Response Against Gastrointestinal Antigens in Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System","volume":"20","author":"Banati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2007.17","article-title":"Neuromyelitis Optica and Non Organ-Specific Autoimmunity","volume":"65","author":"Pittock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511403958","article-title":"Frequency and Syndrome Specificity of Antibodies to Aquaporin-4 in Neurological Patients with Rheumatic Disorders","volume":"17","author":"Jarius","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511431077","article-title":"The Emerging Relationship Between Neuromyelitis Optica and Systemic Rheumatologic Autoimmune Disease","volume":"18","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515613165","article-title":"Change in Autoantibody and Cytokine Responses During the Evolution of Neuromyelitis Optica in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Preliminary Study","volume":"22","author":"Kovacs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.660382\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T12:46:13Z","timestamp":1619527573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.660382\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.660382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.660382","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"article-number":"660382"}}