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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently we reported the immune-potentiating capacity of a<jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>nanovaccine (PLGA-rMOMP) comprising rMOMP (recombinant major outer membrane protein) encapsulated in extended-releasing PLGA [poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (85:15)] nanoparticles. Here we hypothesized that PLGA-rMOMP would bolster immune-effector mechanisms to confer protective efficacy in mice against a<jats:italic>Chlamydia muridarum<\/jats:italic>genital challenge and re-challenge. Female BALB\/c mice received three immunizations, either subcutaneously (SC) or intranasally (IN), before receiving an intravaginal challenge with<jats:italic>C. muridarum<\/jats:italic>on day 49 and a re-challenge on day 170. Both the SC and IN immunization routes protected mice against genital challenge with enhanced protection after a re-challenge, especially in the SC mice. The nanovaccine induced robust antigen-specific Th1 (IFN-\u03b3, IL-2) and IL-17 cytokines plus CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>proliferating T-cells and memory (CD44<jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>CD62L<jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>) and effector (CD44<jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>CD62L<jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>) phenotypes in immunized mice. Parallel induction of antigen-specific systemic and mucosal Th1 (IgG2a, IgG2b), Th2 (IgG1), and IgA antibodies were also noted. Importantly, immunized mice produced highly functional Th1 avidity and serum antibodies that neutralized<jats:italic>C. muridarum<\/jats:italic>infectivity of McCoy fibroblasts<jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic>that correlated with their respective protection levels. The SC, rather than the IN immunization route, triggered higher cellular and humoral immune effectors that improved mice protection against genital<jats:italic>C. muridarum.<\/jats:italic>We report for the first time that the extended-releasing PLGA 85:15 encapsulated rMOMP nanovaccine confers protective immunity in mice against genital<jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>and advances the potential towards acquiring a nano-based<jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.660932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T07:44:43Z","timestamp":1618386283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Encapsulation of Recombinant MOMP in Extended-Releasing PLGA 85:15 Nanoparticles Confer Protective Immunity Against a Chlamydia muridarum Genital Challenge and 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