{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:27:02Z","timestamp":1792650422904,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza B viruses (IBV) cause respiratory disease epidemics in humans and are therefore components of seasonal influenza vaccines. Serological methods are employed to evaluate vaccine immunogenicity prior to licensure. However, classical methods to assess influenza vaccine immunogenicity such as the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI) and the serial radial hemolysis assay (SRH), have been proven to have many limitations. As such, there is a need to develop innovative methods that can improve on these traditional assays and provide advantages such as ease of production and access, safety, reproducibility, and specificity. It has been previously demonstrated that the use of replication-defective viruses, such as lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with influenza A hemagglutinins in microneutralization assays (pMN) is a safe and sensitive alternative to study antibody responses elicited by natural influenza infection or vaccination. Consequently, we have produced Influenza B hemagglutinin-pseudotypes (IBV PV) using plasmid-directed transfection. To activate influenza B hemagglutinin, we have explored the use of proteases in increasing PV titers <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> their co-transfection during pseudotype virus production. When tested for their ability to transduce target cells, the influenza B pseudotypes produced exhibit tropism for different cell lines. The pseudotypes were evaluated as alternatives to live virus in microneutralization assays using reference sera standards, mouse and human sera collected during vaccine immunogenicity studies, surveillance sera from seals, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against IBV. The influenza B pseudotype pMN was found to effectively detect neutralizing and cross-reactive responses in all assays and shows promise as an effective and versatile tool in influenza research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.661379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T06:50:01Z","timestamp":1621839001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Development of Lentiviral Vectors Pseudotyped With Influenza B Hemagglutinins: Application in Vaccine Immunogenicity, mAb Potency, and Sero-Surveillance Studies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne Marie M.","family":"Del Rosario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly A. S.","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Kinsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasan","family":"Fereidouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kellam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Carnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Temperton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Influenza Virus Infection in Humans2014"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.118","article-title":"The Evolution of Seasonal Influenza Viruses","volume":"16","author":"Petrova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00031-14","article-title":"Characterization of a Novel Influenza Virus in Cattle and Swine: Proposal for a New Genus in the Orthomyxoviridae Family","volume":"5","author":"Hause","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2018.04.002","article-title":"Universal Influenza Virus Vaccines and Therapeutics: Where Do We Stand With Influenza B Virus","volume":"53","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5468.1051","article-title":"Influenza B Virus in Seals","volume":"288","author":"Osterhaus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci (New York NY)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4818","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00059-15","article-title":"Domestic Pigs are Susceptible to Infection With Influenza B Viruses","volume":"89","author":"Ran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-008-9119-z","article-title":"The Evolutionary Dynamics of Human Influenza B Virus","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(90)90186-U","article-title":"Cocirculation of Two Distinct Evolutionary Lineages of Influenza Type B Virus Since 1983","volume":"175","author":"Rota","year":"1990","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222381","article-title":"The Epidemiological Signature of Influenza B Virus and Its B\/Victoria and B\/Yamagata Lineages in the 21st Century","volume":"14","author":"Caini","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.69.1.531","article-title":"Receptor Binding and Membrane Fusion in Virus Entry: The Influenza Hemagglutinin","volume":"69","author":"Skehel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.56.070187.002053","article-title":"The Structure and Function of the Hemagglutinin Membrane Glycoprotein of Influenza Virus","volume":"56","author":"Wiley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/2.1.25","article-title":"Diversity in the Sialic Acids","volume":"2","author":"Varki","year":"1992","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.140.6.1369","article-title":"The Pathway of Membrane Fusion Catalyzed by Influenza Hemagglutinin: Restriction of Lipids, Hemifusion, and Lipidic Fusion Pore Formation","volume":"140","author":"Chernomordik","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cell Biol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000151618","article-title":"Cleavage Activation of the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin and Its Role in Pathogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Garten","year":"2008","journal-title":".Monogr Virol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01430-19","article-title":"Hemagglutinin Cleavability, Acid-Stability and Temperature Dependence Optimize Influenza B Virus for Replication in Human Airways","volume":"94","author":"Laporte","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23219","article-title":"Characterization of Glycan Binding Specificities of Influenza B Viruses With Correlation With Hemagglutinin Genotypes and Clinical Features","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Virol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-842X(94)90123-6","article-title":"Host Cell Proteases Controlling Virus Pathogenicity","volume":"2","author":"Klenk","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301137","article-title":"The Burden of Influenza B: A Structured Literature Review","volume":"103","author":"Glezen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit264","article-title":"The Quadrivalent Approach to Influenza Vaccination","volume":"208","author":"Dolin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-224","article-title":"Immunogenicity and Safety of Quadrivalent Versus Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine: A Randomized, Controlled Trial in Adults","volume":"13","author":"Beran","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.08.069","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of a Quadrivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Adults","volume":"31","author":"Pepin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.01.022","article-title":"Immunogenicity, Reactogenicity, and Safety of Inactivated Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine Candidate Versus Inactivated Trivalent Influenza Vaccine in Healthy Adults Aged \u226518 Years: A Phase III, Randomized Trial","volume":"32","author":"Tinoco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-365","article-title":"4Flu - an Individual Based Simulation Tool to Study the Effects of Quadrivalent Vaccination on Seasonal Influenza in Germany","volume":"14","author":"Eichner","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B24","unstructured":"Manual for the Laboratory Diagnosis and Virological Surveillance of Influenza2011"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400060137","article-title":"Comparison of Haemagglutination-Inhibition and Single Radial Haemolysis Techniques for Detecting Antibodies to Influenza A and B Viruses","volume":"91","author":"Mancini","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Hyg"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12591","article-title":"Comparison of Hemagglutination Inhibition, Single Radial Hemolysis, Virus Neutralization Assays, and ELISA to Detect Antibody Levels Against Seasonal Influenza Viruses","volume":"12","author":"Trombetta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)90056-6","article-title":"Comparison of Influenza Serological Techniques by International Collaborative Study","volume":"12","author":"Wood","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.18.4.930-934.1983","article-title":"Increased Sensitivity and Reduced Specificity of Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests With Ether-Treated Influenza B\/Singapore\/222\/79","volume":"18","author":"Kendal","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.13.1.54-57.1981","article-title":"Ether Treatment of Type B Influenza Virus Antigen for the Hemagglutination Inhibition Test","volume":"13","author":"Monto","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002217240006157X","article-title":"The HI Test Modified by Ether Treatment in the Sero-Epidemiological Surveillance of Influenza B","volume":"94","author":"Pyh\u00e4l\u00e4","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Hyg"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20157","article-title":"Antigenic Characterisation of Influenza B Virus With a New Microneutralisation Assay: Comparison to Haemagglutination and Sequence Analysis","volume":"74","author":"Ansaldi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205669","article-title":"A Neutralizing Antibody Selected From Plasma Cells That Binds to Group 1 and Group 2 Influenza A Hemagglutinins","volume":"333","author":"Corti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci (New York NY)"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222908","article-title":"Highly Conserved Protective Epitopes on Influenza B Viruses","volume":"337","author":"Dreyfus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171491","article-title":"Antibody Recognition of a Highly Conserved Influenza Virus Epitope","volume":"324","author":"Ekiert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204839","article-title":"A Highly Conserved Neutralizing Epitope on Group 2 Influenza A Viruses","volume":"333","author":"Ekiert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1566","article-title":"Structural and Functional Bases for Broad-Spectrum Neutralization of Avian and Human Influenza A Viruses","volume":"16","author":"Sui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"B37","article-title":"Advances in Universal Influenza Virus Vaccine Design and Antibody Mediated Therapies Based on Conserved Regions of the Hemagglutinin","volume-title":"Influenza Pathogenesis and Control","author":"Krammer","year":"2015"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1118-7","article-title":"A Chimeric Hemagglutinin-Based Universal Influenza Virus Vaccine Approach Induces Broad and Long-Lasting Immunity in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase I Trial","volume":"27","author":"Nachbagauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines3020239","article-title":"Developing Universal Influenza Vaccines: Hitting the Nail, Not Just on the Head","volume":"3","author":"Wiersma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003150","article-title":"Human Monoclonal Antibodies Broadly Neutralizing Against Influenza B Virus","volume":"9","author":"Yasugi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00161","article-title":"Pseudotype-Based Neutralization Assays for Influenza: A Systematic Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Carnell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00627","article-title":"Protection From Influenza by Intramuscular Gene Vector Delivery of a Broadly Neutralizing Nanobody Does Not Depend on Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity","volume":"11","author":"Del Rosario","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41902","article-title":"Heterosubtypic Neutralizing Antibodies are Produced by Individuals Immunized With a Seasonal Influenza Vaccine","volume":"120","author":"Corti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw608","article-title":"Induction of Broadly Cross-Reactive Stalk-Specific Antibody Responses to Influenza Group 1 and Group 2 Hemagglutinins by Natural H7n9 Virus Infection in Humans","volume":"215","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0147-z","article-title":"Pandemic Influenza Virus Vaccines Boost Hemagglutinin Stalk-Specific Antibody Responses in Primed Adult and Pediatric Cohorts","volume":"4","author":"Nachbagauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2002.01015.x","article-title":"Non-Lethal Viral Challenge of Influenza Haemagglutinin and Nucleoprotein Dna Vaccinated Mice Results in Reduced Viral Replication","volume":"55","author":"Cox","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scandinavian J Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2007.00016.x","article-title":"A Sensitive Retroviral Pseudotype Assay for Influenza H5N1-Neutralizing Antibodies","volume":"1","author":"Temperton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150390235520","article-title":"Simple, Fast, and Accurate Algorithm to Estimate Large Phylogenies by Maximum Likelihood","volume":"52","author":"Guindon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01118-06","article-title":"Proteolytic Activation of Influenza Viruses by Serine Proteases TMPRSS2 and HAT From Human Airway Epithelium","volume":"80","author":"B\u00f6ttcher","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00239-10","article-title":"TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 Facilitate Trypsin-Independent Spread of Influenza Virus in Caco-2 Cells","volume":"84","author":"Bertram","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5259.263","article-title":"In Vivo Gene Delivery and Stable Transduction of Nondividing Cells by a Lentiviral Vector","volume":"272","author":"Naldini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/mps1010008","article-title":"Pseudotype Neutralization Assays: From Laboratory Bench to Data Analysis","volume":"1","author":"Ferrara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Protoc"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.162","article-title":"Coadministration of Seasonal Influenza Vaccine and MVA-NP+M1 Simultaneously Achieves Potent Humoral and Cell-Mediated Responses","volume":"22","author":"Antrobus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq015","article-title":"Potent CD8+ T-Cell Immunogenicity in Humans of a Novel Heterosubtypic Influenza A Vaccine, MVA-NP+M1","volume":"52","author":"Berthoud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175733","article-title":"Determination of Influenza B Identity and Potency in Quadrivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccines Using Lineage-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies","volume":"12","author":"Verma","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp033","article-title":"Jalview Version 2\u2013a Multiple Sequence Alignment Editor and Analysis Workbench","volume":"25","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinf (Oxford England)"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","article-title":"MUSCLE: Multiple Sequence Alignment With High Accuracy and High Throughput","volume":"32","author":"Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121","article-title":"MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods","volume":"28","author":"Tamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/1747-0862.1000055","article-title":"The Human Transmembrane Protease Serine 2 Is Necessary for the Production of Group 2 Influenza A Virus Pseudotypes","volume":"7","author":"Ferrara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mol Genet Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8749","article-title":"Expression of Influenza B Virus Hemagglutinin Containing Multibasic Residue Cleavage Sites","volume":"236","author":"Brassard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir613","article-title":"Influenza B Virus With Modified Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site as a Novel Attenuated Live Vaccine","volume":"204","author":"Stech","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020100","article-title":"Correlation of Influenza B Haemagglutination Inhibiton, Single-Radial Haemolysis and Pseudotype-Based Microneutralisation Assays for Immunogenicity Testing of Seasonal Vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Carnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.050","article-title":"Direct Visualization of the Conformational Dynamics of Single Influenza Hemagglutinin Trimers","volume":"174","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01309780","article-title":"Replication of Influenza B Virus in Chicken Embryos Is Suppressed by Exogenous Aprotinin","volume":"135","author":"Zhirnov","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75014","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075014","article-title":"Heterogeneity of the MDCK Cell Line and Its Applicability for Influenza Virus Research","volume":"8","author":"Lugovtsev","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050428","article-title":"Endogenous Protease-Dependent Replication of Human Influenza Viruses in Two MDCK Cell Lines","volume":"143","author":"Noma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.67.6.3264-3273.1993","article-title":"Characterization of a Temperature-Sensitive Influenza B Virus Mutant Defective in Neuraminidase","volume":"67","author":"Shibata","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01864.x","article-title":"Approach to the Involvement of Influenza B Neuraminidase in the Cleavage of HA by Host Cell Protease Using Low Ph-Induced Cell Fusion Reaction","volume":"38","author":"Yamamoto-Goshima","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00649-19","article-title":"Tmprss2 Is the Major Activating Protease of Influenza A Virus in Primary Human Airway Cells and Influenza B Virus in Human Type II Pneumocytes","volume":"93","author":"Limburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.03.029","article-title":"MDCK Cells That Express Proteases TMPRSS2 and HAT Provide a Cell System to Propagate Influenza Viruses in the Absence of Trypsin and to Study Cleavage of HA and its Inhibition","volume":"27","author":"B\u00f6ttcher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)91214-f","article-title":"Location and Character of the Cellular Enzyme That Cleaves the Hemagglutinin of a Virulent Avian Influenza Virus","volume":"190","author":"Walker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.593","article-title":"Safe Two-Plasmid Production for the First Clinical Lentivirus Vector That Achieves >99% Transduction in Primary Cells Using a One-Step Protocol","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gene Med"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11382","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.21.11382","article-title":"Efficient Transfer, Integration, and Sustained Long-Term Expression of the Transgene in Adult Rat Brains Injected With a Lentiviral Vector","volume":"93","author":"Naldini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2010.060","article-title":"Large-Scale Manufacture and Characterization of a Lentiviral Vector Produced for Clinical Ex Vivo Gene Therapy Application","volume":"22","author":"Merten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1459","article-title":"Probing of the Receptor-Binding Sites of the H1 and H3 Influenza A and Influenza B Virus Hemagglutinins by Synthetic and Natural Sialosides","volume":"196","author":"Matrosovich","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700656","article-title":"Diversity in Cell Surface Sialic Acid Presentations: Implications for Biology and Disease","volume":"87","author":"Varki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120265109","article-title":"Influenza Virus Binds its Host Cell Using Multiple Dynamic Interactions","volume":"34","author":"Sieben","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.03.007","article-title":"Multifaceted Roles for Lipids in Viral Infection","volume":"19","author":"Heaton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8599","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.10.8599-8611.1999","article-title":"Initial Binding of Murine Leukemia Virus Particles to Cells Does Not Require Specific Env-Receptor Interaction","volume":"73","author":"Pizzato","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2011.011","article-title":"Pseudotype-Independent Nonspecific Uptake of Gammaretroviral and Lentiviral Particles in Human Cells","volume":"23","author":"Voelkel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38929","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038929","article-title":"Cross-Lineage Influenza B and Heterologous Influenza A Antibody Responses in Vaccinated Mice: Immunologic Interactions and B\/Yamagata Dominance","volume":"7","author":"Skowronski","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B82","article-title":"On the Doctrine of Original Antigenic Sin. JSTOR","author":"Francis","year":"1960"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/231365","article-title":"Discordant Correlation Between Serological Assays Observed When Measuring Heterosubtypic Responses Against Avian Influenza H5 and H7 Viruses in Unexposed Individuals","volume":"2014","author":"Molesti","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/antib8010014","article-title":"Cross-Reactive and Lineage-Specific Single Domain Antibodies Against Influenza B Hemagglutinin","volume":"8","author":"Ramage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antibodies (Basel)"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2016.12.001","article-title":"Chimeric Influenza Haemagglutinins: Generation and Use in Pseudotype Neutralization Assays","volume":"4","author":"Ferrara","year":"2017","journal-title":"MethodsX"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.661379\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T06:50:11Z","timestamp":1621839011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.661379\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.661379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.661379","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"article-number":"661379"}}