{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T12:20:21Z","timestamp":1778934021103,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A therapy that includes an oral vaccine for type 1 diabetes (T1D) using live attenuated <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> MvP728 (\u0394<jats:italic>htrA\/<\/jats:italic>\u0394<jats:italic>purD<\/jats:italic>), cytokines (IL10 and TGF\u03b2) and preproinsulin (PPI) antigen in combination with a sub-therapeutic dose of anti-CD3 mAb was developed by our team. The vaccine combination therapy reduced insulitis and prevented and reversed diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Here, we show the effectiveness of an alternative <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> mutant (\u0394<jats:italic>msbB<\/jats:italic>) as a carrier strain, which is anticipated to have lower risks of an inflammatory response and septicemia as a result of modification in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> detoxification of lipid A. This mutant strain proved to have highly reduced pathogenic side effects. <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> strain \u0394<jats:italic>msbB<\/jats:italic> expressed autoantigens and in combination with cytokines and anti-CD3 mAb, successfully prevented and reversed T1D to levels comparable to the previously used carrier strain \u0394<jats:italic>htrA\/<\/jats:italic>\u0394<jats:italic>purD<\/jats:italic>. Additionally, the <jats:italic>Salmonella msbB<\/jats:italic> mutant resulted in higher rates of host cell infection. These results further demonstrate the potential of an oral <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>-based combined therapy in the treatment of early T1D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.667897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T06:21:49Z","timestamp":1621837309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Oral Salmonella msbB Mutant as a Carrier for a Salmonella-Based Vaccine for Prevention and Reversal of Type 1 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