{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T20:01:06Z","timestamp":1793217666921,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>All the time, echinococcosis is a global zoonotic disease which seriously endangers public health all over the world. In order to speed up the development process of anti-<jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus<\/jats:italic> vaccine, at the same time, it can also save economic cost. In this study, immunoinformatics tools and molecular docking methods were used to predict and screen the antigen epitopes of <jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus<\/jats:italic>, to design a multi-epitope vaccine containing B- and T-cell epitopes. The multi-epitope vaccine could activate B lymphocytes to produce specific antibodies theoretically, which could protect the human body against <jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus<\/jats:italic> infection. It also could activate T lymphocytes and clear the infected parasites in the body. In this study, four CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cell epitopes, three CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cell epitopes and four B-cell epitopes of Protein EgTeg were identified by immunoinformatics methods. Meanwhile, three CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cell epitopes, two CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cell epitopes and four B-cell epitopes of Protein EgFABP1 were identified. We constructed the multi-epitope vaccine using linker proteins. The study based on the traditional methods of antigen epitope prediction, further optimized the prediction results combined with molecular docking technology and improved the precision and accuracy of the results. Finally, <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> experiments had verified that the vaccine designed in this study had good antigenicity and immunogenicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.668492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T07:55:10Z","timestamp":1628754910000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Design of a Novel Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against Echinococcus granulosus in Immunoinformatics"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mingkai","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuejie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbing","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.2095-3887.2015.05.015","article-title":"Dynamic of Maternal Antibody Immunized With Genetic Engineering Subunit Vaccine of Sheep Hydatid Disease","volume":"35","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Herbivore Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1671-0274.2019.07.017","article-title":"Chinese Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Perianal Necrotizing Fasciitis. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi","volume":"22","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"013","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1556959","article-title":"Echinococcosis: A Brief Review","volume":"3","author":"Moro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2018.01.002","article-title":"Immunization of Mice With Egg1y162-1\/2 Provides Protection Against Echinococcus Granulosus Infection in BALB\/c Mice","volume":"94","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-2694.2017.06.017","article-title":"Cost Effectiveness Evaluation of Four Kinds of Surgical Methods for Hepatic Echinococcosis","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin J Zoonoses"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezx286","article-title":"Pulmonary Cyst Embolism: A Rare Complication of Hydatidosis","volume":"53","author":"Eleonore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Cardio-Thoracic Surg: Off J Eur Assoc Cardio-Thoracic Surg"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2013.1393","article-title":"Construction and Identification of the Recombinant Plasmid Pet30a-EgA31-Eg95 of Echinococcus Granulosus","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.013","article-title":"Could Beta-Myrcene be an Alternative to Albendazole for the Treatment of\u00a0Experimental Cystic Echinococcosis","volume":"187","author":"Fabbri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.01.018","article-title":"Soluble ST2 (Sst2) as Potential Marker for Hepatic Cystic Echinococcosis Activity","volume":"80","author":"An","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2017.11.008","article-title":"A Novel in Silico Minigene Vaccine Based on CD4(+) T-Helper and\u00a0B-Cell Epitopes of EG95 Isolates for Vaccination Against Cystic Echinococcosis","volume":"72","author":"Pourseif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Biol Chem"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00075-18","article-title":"Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st Century","volume":"32","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02939.x","article-title":"Screening of an Echinococcus Granulosus cDNA Library With IgG4 From Patients With Cystic Echinococcosis Identifies a New Tegumental Protein Involved in the Immune Escape","volume":"142","author":"Ortona","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1673-5234.2008.10.022","article-title":"Molecules Related With Immune Escape in Echinococcosis","volume":"3","author":"Cao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pathogen Biol"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Echinococcus Granulosus Fatty Acid Binding Proteins Subcellular Localization","volume-title":"Experim Parasitol","author":"Alvite","year":"2016"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104318","article-title":"Bioinformatics Analysis of Candidate Proteins Omp2b, P39 and BLS for Brucella Multivalent Epitope Vaccines","volume":"147","author":"Sha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbial Pathogene"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/14.9.711","article-title":"Stable Linker Peptides for a Cellulose-Binding Domain-Lipase Fusion Protein Expressed in Pichia Pastoris","volume":"9","author":"Gustavsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Protein Eng"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.13350\/j.cjpb.2012.10.015","article-title":"Analysis of Combined T-And B-Cell Epitopes of the Em95 Antigen of Echinococcus Multilocularis","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Parasitic Biol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/s1570-9639(03)00151-1","article-title":"The Crystal Structure of Echinococcus Granulosus Fatty-Acid-Binding Protein 1","volume":"1649","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"BBA - Proteins Proteom"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.04.017","article-title":"Bioinformatics Analysis of EgA31 and EgG1Y162 Proteins for Designing a Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against Echinococcus Granulosus","volume":"73","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.585539","article-title":"Susceptibility to HLA-DM Protein is Determined by a Dynamic Conformation of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecule Bound With Peptide","volume":"289","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.15171\/bi.2018.06","article-title":"A Novel B- and Helper T-Cell Epitopes-Based Prophylactic Vaccine Against Echinococcus Granulosus","volume":"8","author":"Mohammad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioimpacts Bi"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004134","article-title":"Pilot Field Trial of the EG95 Vaccine Against Ovine Cystic Echinococcosis in Rio Negro, Argentina: 8 Years of Work","volume":"191","author":"Larrieu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Tropi: J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08842-w","article-title":"Exploring Leishmania Secretory Proteins to Design B and T Cell Multi-Epitope Subunit Vaccine Using Immunoinformatics Approach","volume":"7","author":"Khatoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19456-1","article-title":"Novel Immunoinformatics Approaches to Design Multi-Epitope Subunit Vaccine for Malaria by Investigating Anopheles Salivary Protein","volume":"8","author":"Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-5551.2019.01.005","article-title":"Research Progress on Immunity and Vaccine of Echinococcosis","volume":"42","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Xinjiang Med Univ"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1893","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001893","article-title":"Direct Interaction Between EgFABP1, a Fatty Acid Binding Protein From Echinococcus Granulosus, and Phospholipid Membranes","volume":"6","author":"Porfido","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60042-7","article-title":"Modeling and Analysis of Schistosoma Argonaute Protein Molecular Spatial Conformation","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-5551.2016.12.015","article-title":"Analysis of Epitopes of AgB1,AgB2 and AgB4 Epitopes of Echinococcus Granulosus","volume":"39","author":"An","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Xinjiang Med Univ"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13458","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013458","article-title":"Allele Polymorphism and Haplotype Diversity of HLA-A, -B and -DRB1 Loci in Sequence-Based Typing for Chinese Uyghur Ethnic Group","volume":"5","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(12)60005-4","article-title":"Bioinformatics Analysis of the Structure and Linear B\u2013Cell Epitopes of Aquaporin-3 From Schistosoma Japonicum","volume":"5","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"key":"B31","article-title":"Identification, Expression and Phylogenetic Analysis of EgG1Y162 From Echinococcus Granulosus","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-020-0164-0","article-title":"Bioinformatic Prediction of Epitopes in the Emy162 Antigen of Echinococcus Multilocularis","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450043490668","article-title":"Epitope Identification and Discovery Using Phage Display Libraries: Applications in Vaccine Development and Diagnostics","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"B34","first-page":"5117","article-title":"Prokaryotic Expression and Identification of B- and T-Cell Combined Epitopes of Em95 Antigen of Echinococcus Multilocularis","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2019.09.01","article-title":"Immunoinformatics Prediction of OMP2b and BCSP31 for Designing Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against Brucella","volume":"114","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.668492\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T07:55:19Z","timestamp":1628754919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.668492\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.668492"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.668492","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"article-number":"668492"}}