{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:23:01Z","timestamp":1789431781526,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI145242 ,  AI142354 , DK104680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI145242 ,  AI142354 , DK104680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of mortality due to infectious disease worldwide. Majority of the IFIs are caused by opportunistic fungi including <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> species. Lack of approved antifungal vaccines and the emergence of antifungal drug-resistant strains pose major constraints in controlling IFIs. A comprehensive understanding of the host immune response is required to develop novel fungal vaccines to prevent death from IFIs. In this review, we have discussed the challenges associated with the development of antifungal vaccines. We mentioned how host-pathogen interactions shape immunological memory and development of long-term protective immunity to IFIs. Furthermore, we underscored the contribution of long-lived innate and adaptive memory cells in protection against IFIs and summarized the current vaccine strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.671068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T05:46:20Z","timestamp":1618983980000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Vaccine-Induced Immunological Memory in Invasive Fungal Infections \u2013 A Dream so Close yet so Far"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Partha S.","family":"Biswas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165rv13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden Killers: Human Fungal Infections","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12714","article-title":"Lessons From Primary Immunodeficiencies: Autoimmune Regulator and Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy","volume":"287","author":"Constantine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.26","article-title":"Invasive Candidiasis","volume":"4","author":"Pappas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0b013e32833e046e","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Invasive Candidiasis","volume":"16","author":"van de Veerdonk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00029-06","article-title":"Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: A Persistent Public Health Problem","volume":"20","author":"Pfaller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328322ffac","article-title":"Estimation of the Current Global Burden of Cryptococcal Meningitis Among Persons Living With HIV\/AIDS","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3178","article-title":"Innate Immune Memory: A Paradigm Shift in Understanding Host Defense","volume":"16","author":"Netea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3410\/M3-13","article-title":"Vaccines for Invasive Fungal Infections","volume":"3","author":"Spellberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"F1000 Med Rep"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283536ba8","article-title":"Candida and Candidiasis in HIV-infected Patients: Where Commensalism, Opportunistic Behavior and Frank Pathogenicity Lose Their Borders","volume":"26","author":"Cassone","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12265","article-title":"Emerging Drugs and Vaccines for Candidemia","volume":"57","author":"Moriyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27890","article-title":"Glucosylceramide Synthase is an Essential Regulator of Pathogenicity of Cryptococcus Neoformans","volume":"116","author":"Rittershaus","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00142","article-title":"Fungal Pathogens-a Sweet and Sour Treat for Toll-Like Receptors","volume":"2","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701218689","article-title":"Nosocomial Fungal Infections: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"45","author":"Perlroth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa6097","article-title":"Infectious Disease. 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