{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T02:19:38Z","timestamp":1776824378468,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the immunology of sepsis microcirculatory and mitochondrial dysfunction in the gastrointestinal system are important contributors to mortality. Hydrogen sulfide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S) optimizes gastrointestinal oxygen supply and mitochondrial respiration predominantly <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> K(ATP)-channels. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that sodium thiosulfate (STS), an inducer of endogenous H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S, improves intestinal and hepatic microcirculation and mitochondrial function <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> K(ATP)-channels in sepsis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 40 male Wistar rats colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP) surgery was performed to establish sepsis. Animals were randomized into 4 groups (1: STS 1\u00a0g\u00a0\u2022\u00a0kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> i.p., 2: glibenclamide (GL) 5 mg \u2022 kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> i.p., 3: STS + GL, 4: vehicle (VE) i.p.). Treatment was given directly after CASP-surgery and 24 hours later. Microcirculatory oxygenation (\u00b5HBO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and flow (\u00b5flow) of the colon and the liver were continuously recorded over 90\u00a0min using tissue reflectance spectrophotometry. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption in tissue homogenates was determined with respirometry. Statistic: two-way ANOVA + Dunnett\u00b4s and Tukey post\u00a0-\u00a0hoc test (microcirculation) and Kruskal-Wallis test + Dunn\u2019s multiple comparison test (mitochondria). p &amp;lt; 0.05 was considered significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>STS increased \u00b5HbO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (colon: 90\u00a0min: + 10.4 \u00b1 18.3%; liver: 90\u00a0min: + 5.8 \u00b1 9.1%; p &amp;lt; 0.05 vs. baseline). Furthermore, STS ameliorated \u00b5flow (colon: 60\u00a0min: + 51.9 \u00b1 71.1 aU; liver: 90\u00a0min: + 22.5 \u00b1 20.0 aU; p &amp;lt; 0.05 vs. baseline). In both organs, \u00b5HbO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and \u00b5flow were significantly higher after STS compared to VE. The combination of STS and GL increased colonic \u00b5HbO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and \u00b5flow (\u00b5HbO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> 90\u00a0min: + 8.7 \u00b1 11.5%; \u00b5flow: 90\u00a0min: + 41.8 \u00b1 63.3 aU; p &amp;lt; 0.05 vs. baseline), with significantly higher values compared to VE. Liver \u00b5HbO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and \u00b5flow did not change after STS and GL. GL alone did not change colonic or hepatic \u00b5HbO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> or \u00b5flow. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption and macrohemodynamic remained unaltered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The beneficial effect of STS on intestinal and hepatic microcirculatory oxygenation in sepsis seems to be mediated by an increased microcirculatory perfusion and not by mitochondrial respiratory or macrohemodynamic changes. Furthermore, the effect of STS on hepatic but not on intestinal microcirculation seems to be K(ATP)-channel-dependent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.671935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T05:52:39Z","timestamp":1623045159000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sodium Thiosulfate Improves Intestinal and Hepatic Microcirculation Without Affecting Mitochondrial Function in Experimental 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