{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:54:40Z","timestamp":1787068480789,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Clear associations have been found between vitamin D deficiency and several autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the benefits of vitamin D supplementation on disease management remain a matter of debate.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Patients with MS (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n =12) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD;\n N<\/jats:italic>\n =12) were enrolled along with 15 healthy controls. Changes in lymphocyte subset proportions during stimulation of their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n (1,25(OH)\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n D\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n ), and correlations with serum concentrations of the vitamin D precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n (serum 25(OH)D\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n ) were explored. The impact of 1,25(OH)\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n D\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n stimulation on the expression of vitamin-D-responsive genes in immune cells was also investigated.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In both MS and NMOSD, stimulation of PBMCs with 1,25(OH)\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n D\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n followed by steroid suppressed the proliferation of total lymphocytes and T cells. The ratio of CD19\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CD27\n +<\/jats:sup>\n memory B cells (Bmem) to all B cells after stimulation with 1,25(OH)\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n D\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n was negatively correlated with serum 25(OH)D\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n in MS (Spearman\u2019s\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n =\u20130.594,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =0.042), but positively correlated in NMOSD (Pearson\u2019s\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.739,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =0.006). However, there was no relationship between the ratio of Bmem to CD19\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CD24\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CD38\n +<\/jats:sup>\n regulatory B cells and serum 25(OH)D\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n in either MS or NMOSD. In addition, the level of 1,25(OH)\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n D\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n -induced\n CYP24A1<\/jats:italic>\n mRNA expression in PBMCs was significantly and negatively correlated with serum 25(OH)D\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n (for \u0394C\n T<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =0.744,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =0.014) in MS.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n These findings suggest a beneficial impact of stimulation of PBMCs with vitamin D followed by steroid on the T-cell population. The association between patient serum 25(OH)D\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n and the proportion of Bmem under immune-cell stimulation differed between MS and NMOSD. Further investigations are warranted with larger patient populations.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.677041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T05:23:24Z","timestamp":1627536204000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of Vitamin D and Dexamethasone on Lymphocyte Proportions and Their Associations With Serum Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3In Vitro in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis or Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Eun Bin","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong 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