{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T02:50:05Z","timestamp":1777431005101,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012-03364 , 2011-03533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012-03364 , 2011-03533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The proteoglycan serglycin (SG) is expressed by different innate and adaptive immune cells, <jats:italic>e.g.<\/jats:italic> mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, where SG contributes to correct granule storage and extracellular activity of inflammatory mediators. Here the serglycin-deficient (SG<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>) mouse strain was used to investigate the impact of SG on intestinal immune responses during infection with the non-invasive protozoan parasite <jats:italic>Giardia intestinalis<\/jats:italic>. Young (\u224811 weeks old) oral gavage-infected congenic SG<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice showed reduced weight gain as compared with the infected SG<jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup> littermate mice and the PBS-challenged SG<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> and SG<jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup> littermate mice. The infection caused no major morphological changes in the small intestine. However, a SG-independent increased goblet cell and granulocyte cell count was observed, which did not correlate with an increased myeloperoxidase or neutrophil elastase activity. Furthermore, infected mice showed increased serum IL-6 levels, with significantly reduced serum IL-6 levels in infected SG-deficient mice and decreased intestinal expression levels of IL-6 in the infected SG-deficient mice. In infected mice the qPCR analysis of alarmins, chemokines, cytokines, and nitric oxide synthases (NOS), showed that the SG-deficiency caused reduced intestinal expression levels of TNF-\u03b1 and CXCL2, and increased IFN-\u03b3, CXCL1, and NOS1 levels as compared with SG-competent mice. This study shows that SG plays a regulatory role in intestinal immune responses, reflected by changes in chemokine and cytokine expression levels and a delayed weight gain in young SG<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice infected with <jats:italic>G. intestinalis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.677722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T15:43:21Z","timestamp":1625759001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Serglycin-Deficiency Causes Reduced Weight Gain and Changed Intestinal Cytokine Responses in Mice Infected With Giardia intestinalis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Peirasmaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Staffan","family":"Sv\u00e4rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"\u00c5brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.12.001","article-title":"Host Specificity in the Giardia Duodenalis Species Complex","volume":"66","author":"Caccio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.11.005","article-title":"Giardia Immunity\u2013an Update","volume":"22","author":"Roxstrom-Lindquist","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.07.019","article-title":"An Up-Date on Giardia and Giardiasis","volume":"34","author":"Einarsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2006.002","article-title":"Waterborne Transmission of Protozoan Parasites: A Worldwide Review of Outbreaks and Lessons Learnt","volume":"5","author":"Karanis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001920","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001920","article-title":"World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 11 Foodborne Parasitic Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis","volume":"12","author":"Torgerson","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw391","article-title":"A Prospective Longitudinal Cohort to Investigate the Effects of Early Life Giardiasis on Growth and All Cause Diarrhea","volume":"63","author":"Donowitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30351-6","article-title":"Use of Quantitative Molecular Diagnostic Methods to Investigate the Effect of Enteropathogen Infections on Linear Growth in Children in Low-Resource Settings: Longitudinal Analysis of Results From the MAL-ED Cohort Study","volume":"6","author":"Rogawski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67294","article-title":"Persistent G. 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