{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:04:30Z","timestamp":1793833470852,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-coding RNAs have emerged as critical regulators of the immune response to infection. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which regulate host defense mechanisms against viruses, bacteria and fungi. They are involved in the delicate interplay between <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), and its host, which dictates the course of infection. Differential expression of miRNAs upon infection with <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>, regulates host signaling pathways linked to inflammation, autophagy, apoptosis and polarization of macrophages. Experimental evidence suggests that virulent <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> often utilize host miRNAs to promote pathogenicity by restricting host-mediated antibacterial signaling pathways. At the same time, host- induced miRNAs augment antibacterial processes such as autophagy, to limit bacterial proliferation. Targeting miRNAs is an emerging option for host-directed therapies. Recent studies have explored the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) in the regulation of the host response to mycobacterial infection. Among other functions, lncRNAs interact with chromatin remodelers to regulate gene expression and also function as miRNA sponges. In this review we attempt to summarize recent literature on how miRNAs and lncRNAs are differentially expressed during the course of <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection, and how they influence the outcome of infection. We also discuss the potential use of non-coding RNAs as biomarkers of active and latent tuberculosis. Comprehensive understanding of the role of these non-coding RNAs is the first step towards developing RNA-based therapeutics and diagnostic tools for the treatment of TB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.687962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T07:35:57Z","timestamp":1624520157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["The Role of microRNAs and Long Non-Coding RNAs in the Regulation of the Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Manikuntala","family":"Kundu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyoti","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.03.007","article-title":"The Role of miRNAs in Regulating Gene Expression Networks","volume":"425","author":"Gurtan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.10.011","article-title":"MicroRNAs at the Host-Bacteria Interface: Host Defense or Bacterial Offense","volume":"27","author":"Aguilar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.112408.134243","article-title":"Viruses, MicroRNAs, and Host Interactions","volume":"64","author":"Skalsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12159","article-title":"MicroRNAs and Bacterial Infection","volume":"15","author":"Staedel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2016.06.016","article-title":"Mammalian MicroRNAs and Long Noncoding RNAs in the Host-Bacterial Pathogen Crosstalk","volume":"65","author":"Duval","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00079","article-title":"Modulation of Host miRNAs by Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens","volume":"6","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3434","article-title":"Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Induces mir-33 Locus to Reprogram Autophagy and Host Lipid Metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Ouimet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j\/drudis.2021.01.021","article-title":"Interplay Between miRNAs and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"26","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.132159.111","article-title":"The GENCODE V7 Catalog of Human Long Noncoding RNAs: Analysis of Their Gene Structure, Evolution, and Expression","volume":"22","author":"Derrien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2016.07.011","article-title":"Long Noncoding RNAs in Normal and Pathological Pluripotency","volume":"65","author":"H\u00e4fner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev . 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