{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:14:59Z","timestamp":1787026499278,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cell-to-cell communication is a broad and complex process associated with regular stimuli to maintain healthy cell interactions. One of the agents capable of cellular communication is known as an exosome, a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by the cell membrane. The exosome contains a wide range of functional proteins, mRNAs and miRNAs, which have the potential to interact with healthy or diseased cells in the body. On the other hand, melatonin also acts as a cellular communicator, produced and released by the pineal gland in a circadian way and also, non-circadian melatonin is derived from the mitochondria of all normal cells. In addition to exhibiting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-aging activities, melatonin has recently been studied by its influence on exosomes. This review summarizes the relationship between exosomes and melatonin in various pathological processes. There is robust evidence that their combination ameliorates inflammation, ischemia-reperfusion injury, hepatic metabolic disturbance, cancer immunosuppression status, degenerative processes like chronic kidney disease, vascular calcification, ageing, ischemic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, obesity, colitis, wound healing and even embryonic development. Association of exosomes and melatonin represent a promising therapeutic tool, capable of interfering with basic molecular processes, such as oxidative stress and the inflammatory cascade, which support many pathophysiological aspects of diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.692022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T03:26:43Z","timestamp":1623382003000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Exosomes and Melatonin: Where Their Destinies Intersect"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Adriana Alonso","family":"Novais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Gustavo de Almeida","family":"Chuffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora Aparecida Pires de Campos","family":"Zuccari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russel J.","family":"Reiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)48095-7","article-title":"Vesicle Formation During Reticulocyte Maturation. Association of Plasma Membrane Activities With Released Vesicles (Exosomes)","volume":"262","author":"Johnstone","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-013118-111902","article-title":"Exosomes","volume":"88","author":"Pegtel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00092","article-title":"\u201cExosomics\u201d-a Review of Biophysics, Biology and Biochemistry of Exosomes With a Focus on Human Breast Milk","volume":"27","author":"de la Torre Gomez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaav8521","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav8521","article-title":"Advances in Therapeutic Applications of Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"11","author":"Wiklander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-021-00730-1","article-title":"The Exosome Journey: From Biogenesis to Uptake and Intracellular Signalling","volume":"19","author":"Gurung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Communication Signaling: CCS"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","article-title":"Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): A Position Statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and Update of the MISEV2014 Guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Th\u00e9ry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-019-0282-2","article-title":"Exosomes: Biogenesis, Biologic Function And\u00a0Clinical Potential","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00026","article-title":"Exosomes, an Unmasked Culprit in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Soria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1596","article-title":"Exosome-Mediated Transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs Is a Novel Mechanism of Genetic Exchange Between Cells","volume":"9","author":"Valadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201211138","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles: Exosomes, Microvesicles, and Friends","volume":"200","author":"Raposo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8040307","article-title":"Review of the Isolation, Characterization, Biological Function, and Multifarious Therapeutic Approaches of Exosomes","volume":"8","author":"Gurunathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00261-0","article-title":"Exosomes: Key Players in Cancer and Potential Therapeutic Strategy","volume":"5","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.646864","article-title":"Exosomal Non-coding Rnas-Mediated Crosstalk in the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.15.210","article-title":"Tumor Exosomes: Cellular Postmen of Cancer Diagnosis and Personalized Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01543a060","article-title":"Isolation of Melatonin, the Pineal Gland Factor That Lightens Melanocytes","volume":"80","author":"Lerner","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Amer Chem Soc"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.141.3577.277","article-title":"Melatonin, a Pineal Substance: Effect on Rat Ovary","volume":"141","author":"Wurtman","year":"1963","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.148.3677.1609","article-title":"Pineal Gland: Influence on Gonads of Male Hamsters","volume":"148","author":"Hoffman","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000121862","article-title":"Endocrine Aspects of the Mammalian Pineal Gland: A Review","volume":"5","author":"Reiter","year":"1969","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1579-2","article-title":"Extrapineal Melatonin: Sources, Regulation, and Potential Functions","volume":"71","author":"Acu\u00f1a-Castroviejo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B20","article-title":"Melatonin Immunoreactivity in the Photosynthetic Prokaryote Rhodospirillum Rubrum: Implications for an Ancient Antioxidant System","volume":"41","author":"Manchester","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00249","article-title":"Melatonin Synthesis and Function: Evolutionary History in Animals and Plants","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490110107","article-title":"Concurrent Determination of Enzymatic Activities and Substrate Concentrations in the Melatonin Synthetic Pathway Within the Same Rat Pineal Gland","volume":"11","author":"Champney","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R600036200","article-title":"Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase: \u201cThe Timezyme\u201d","volume":"282","author":"Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079x.2001.300408.x","article-title":"Gene Expression of the Key Enzymes of Melatonin Synthesis in Extrapineal Tissues of the Rat","volume":"30","author":"Stefulj","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00931.x","article-title":"Extrapineal Melatonin: Analysis of its Subcellular Distribution and Daily Fluctuations","volume":"52","author":"Venegas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12026","article-title":"Mitochondria and Chloroplasts as the Original Sites of Melatonin Synthesis: A Hypothesis Related to Melatonin\u2019s Primary Function and Evolution in Eukaryote","volume":"54","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12390","article-title":"Human Transporters, PEPT1\/2, Facilitate Melatonin Transportation Into Mitochondria of Cancer Cells: An Implication of the Therapeutic Potential","volume":"62","author":"Huo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2616-8","article-title":"Melatonin Transport Into Mitochondria","volume":"74","author":"Mayo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32794\/mr11250033","article-title":"Inhibition of Mitochondrial Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase: A Proposed Mechanism by Which Melatonin Causes Cancer Cells to Overcome Cytosolic Glycolysis, Reduce Tumor Biomass and Reverse Insensitivity to Chemotherapy","volume":"2","author":"Reiter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Melatonin Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00034.2019","article-title":"Melatonin in Mitochondria: Mitigating Clear and Present Dangers","volume":"35","author":"Reiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10091211","article-title":"Melatonin\u2019s Impact on Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Reprogramming in Homeostasis and Disease","volume":"10","author":"Chitimus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"57","article-title":"Melatonin: A Potent Hydroxyl Radical Scavenger","volume":"1","author":"Tan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2020-0326","article-title":"Melatonin Synthesis and Uptake by Mitochondria: Implications for Diseased Cells With Dysfunctional Mitochondria","volume":"13","author":"Reiter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Med Chem"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12514","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12514","article-title":"Melatonin and its Metabolites vs Oxidative Stress: From Individual Actions to Collective Protection","volume":"65","author":"Galano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020764","article-title":"Anti-Warburg Effect of Melatonin: A Proposed Mechanism to Explain its Inhibition of Multiple Diseases","volume":"22","author":"Reiter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02253360","article-title":"Actions of Melatonin in the Reduction of Oxidative Stress. A Review","volume":"7","author":"Reiter","year":"2000","journal-title":"J BioMed Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040843","article-title":"Melatonin, a Full Service Anti-Cancer Agent: Inhibition of Initiation, Progression and Metastasis","volume":"18","author":"Reiter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026023394443","article-title":"Chemical and Physical Properties and Potential Mechanisms: Melatonin as a Broad Spectrum Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenger","volume":"2","author":"Tan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cur Top Med Chem"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2006.00407.x","article-title":"One Molecule, Many Derivatives: A Never-Ending Interaction of Melatonin With Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species","volume":"42","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079x.2003.02111.x","article-title":"Melatonin: A Hormone, a Tissue Factor, an Autocoid, a Paracoid, and an Antioxidant Vitamin","volume":"34","author":"Tan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)81008-4","article-title":"Melatonin: A Multitasking Molecule","volume":"181","author":"Reiter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The Biology, Function, and Biomedical Applications of Exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.01.004","article-title":"Exosomes: Key Mediators of Metastasis and Pre-Metastatic Niche Formation","volume":"67","author":"Lobb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1800180","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201800180","article-title":"Breast Cancer-Derived Exosomes Reflect the Cell-of-Origin Phenotype","volume":"19","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"B45","article-title":"Melatonin Treatment Enhances Therapeutic Effects of Exosomes Against Acute Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00848","article-title":"Melatonin Enhances the Therapeutic Effect of Plasma Exosomes Against Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Pyroptosis Through the TLR4\/NF-\u03bab Pathway","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12631","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12631","article-title":"Melatonin Alleviates Vascular Calcification and Ageing Through Exosomal miR-204\/miR-211 Cluster in a Paracrine Manner","volume":"68","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12547","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12547","article-title":"Melatonin in Macrophage Biology: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives","volume":"66","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060939","article-title":"Mitochondria Synthesize Melatonin to Ameliorate its Function and Improve Mice Oocyte\u2019s Quality Under in Vitro Conditions","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1705768114","article-title":"Dual Role of Mitochondria in Producing Melatonin and Driving GPCR Signaling to Block Cytochrome C Release","volume":"114","author":"Suofu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12429","article-title":"Plant Mitochondria Synthesize Melatonin and Enhance the Tolerance of Plants to Drought Stress","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2963-0","article-title":"Mitochondrial Functions and Melatonin: A Tour of the Reproductive Cancers","volume":"76","author":"Chuffa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2017.05.004","article-title":"Defining the Momiome: Promiscuous Information Transfer by Mobile Mitochondria and the Mitochondrial Genome","volume":"47","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seminar Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0288-8","article-title":"Astrocytes and Glioblastoma Cells Release Exosomes Carrying Mtdna","volume":"117","author":"Guescini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/105221617X15042750874156","article-title":"Hepatic Ischemia\/Reperfusion: Mechanisms of Tissue Injury, Repair, and Regeneration","volume":"17","author":"Konishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene Express"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00381.2009","article-title":"Uremia Impacts Renal Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression in the Setting of Experimental Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"297","author":"Zager","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B57","article-title":"Melatonin Improves Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes Against Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats","volume":"11","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.14345","article-title":"Combination Therapy With Melatonin, Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles Is Effective in Limiting Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in a Rat Model","volume":"27","author":"Zahran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"B59","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Prevention of Hepatic Steatosis","volume":"11","author":"Nassir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-020-00556-x","article-title":"Hepatic Steatosis Is Associated With Abnormal Hepatic Enzymes, Visceral Adiposity, Altered Myocardial Glucose Uptake Measured By\u00a018F-FDG Pet\/Ct","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12561","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12561","article-title":"Reduced Delivery of Epididymal Adipocyte-Derived Exosomal Resistin Is Essential for Melatonin Ameliorating Hepatic Steatosis in Mice","volume":"66","author":"Rong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S61146","article-title":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Balogh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatocell Carc"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10090320","article-title":"Melatonin Sensitizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Chemotherapy Through Long non-Coding RNA Rad51-As1-Mediated Suppression of DNA Repair","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.19642","article-title":"Exosomes From Melatonin Treated Hepatocellularcarcinoma Cells Alter the Immunosupression Status Through STAT3 Pathway in Macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11111712","article-title":"Potential of Melatonin as Adjuvant Therapy of Oral Cancer in the Era of Epigenomics","volume":"11","author":"Capote-Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041197","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Yap","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2017.00191","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Microrna Expression Among Benign and Malignant Tongue Tissue and Plasma of Patients With Tongue Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Rabinowits","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj7020048","article-title":"Differential MicroRNA Expression of miR-21 and miR-155 Within Oral Cancer Extracellular Vesicles in Response to Melatonin","volume":"7","author":"Hunsaker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.66.s1.3","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"66","author":"Ammirati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev da Assoc M\u00e9d Bras"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-018-0186-2","article-title":"The Pivotal Role of Melatonin in Ameliorating Chronic Kidney Disease by Suppression of the Renin\u2013Angiotensin System in the Kidney","volume":"42","author":"Ohashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0287-2","article-title":"Exosomes Secreted by Human Urine-Derived Stem Cells Could Prevent Kidney Complications From Type I Diabetes in Rats","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101240","article-title":"Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Kidney Regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Grange","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12632","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12632","article-title":"Melatonin-Stimulated Exosomes Enhance the Regenerative Potential of Chronic Kidney Disease-Derived Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cells Via Cellular Prion Proteins","volume":"68","author":"Yoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.234914","article-title":"Arterial Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease: Key Roles for Calcium and Phosphate","volume":"109","author":"Shanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ts.ts_4_19","article-title":"Factors Regulating the Change of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Mini Review","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Surg"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2012.00839","article-title":"Pathophysiologic Cascades in Ischemic Stroke","volume":"7","author":"Xing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J stroke: Off J Int Stroke Soc"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000200457","article-title":"Cerebral Protection, Brain Repair, Plasticity and Cell Therapy in Ischemic Stroke","volume":"27","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebrovascular Dis (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10081158","article-title":"Cellular Mechanisms of Melatonin: Insight From Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3028","article-title":"The Toxic A\u03b2 Oligomer and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: An Emperor in Need of Clothes","volume":"15","author":"Benilova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804766-8.00013-3","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"167","author":"Soria Lopez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.277061","article-title":"Exosome-Associated Tau Is Secreted in Tauopathy Models and Is Selectively Phosphorylated in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Early Alzheimer Disease","volume":"287","author":"Saman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.06.008","article-title":"Identification of Preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s Disease by a Profile of Pathogenic Proteins in Neurally Derived Blood Exosomes: A Case-Control Study","volume":"11","author":"Fiandaca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600816R","article-title":"Decreased Synaptic Proteins in Neuronal Exosomes of Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"30","author":"Goetzl","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17020173","article-title":"Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Exosomes and Their Role in Protein Trafficking and Biomarker Potential in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"17","author":"Vella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom6020024","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Tauopathies-Prion-Like Seeded Aggregation and Phosphorylation","volume":"6","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom6010006","article-title":"Tau Protein Hyperphosphorylation and Aggregation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other Tauopathies, and Possible Neuroprotective Strategies","volume":"6","author":"\u0160imic\u00b4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.11.046","article-title":"Melatonin Affects the Release of Exosomes and Tau-Content in In Vitro Amyloid-Beta Toxicity Model","volume":"73","author":"Ozansoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B88","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of Combined Melatonin and Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell (ADMSC)-Derived Exosomes on Amelioration of Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Acute Colitis","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12257","article-title":"Inter-Relationships of the Chronobiotic, Melatonin, With Leptin and Adiponectin: Implications for Obesity","volume":"59","author":"Szewczyk-Golec","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.90","article-title":"Adapting to Obesity With Adipose Tissue Inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Reilly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12455","article-title":"Melatonin Alleviates Adipose Inflammation Through Elevating \u03b1-Ketoglutarate and Diverting Adipose-Derived Exosomes to Macrophages in Mice","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.06.249","article-title":"Il-33 Improves Wound Healing Through Enhanced M2 Macrophage Polarization in Diabetic Mice","volume":"90","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01756-x","article-title":"Melatonin-Stimulated MSC-derived Exosomes Improve Diabetic Wound Healing Through Regulating Macrophage M1 and M2 Polarization by Targeting the PTEN\/AKT Pathway","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1621394","article-title":"Exosome and Melatonin Additively Attenuates Inflammation by Transferring miR-34a, miR-124, and Mir-135b","volume":"2020","author":"Heo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12635","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12635","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles and Melatonin Benefit Embryonic Develop by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species and 5-Methylcytosine","volume":"68","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.692022\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T03:26:50Z","timestamp":1623382010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.692022\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"references-count":95,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.692022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.692022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"article-number":"692022"}}