{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T20:46:22Z","timestamp":1794084382159,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidemiological studies and clinical observations show evidence of sexual dimorphism in infectious diseases. Women are at less risk than men when it comes to developing most infectious diseases. However, understanding these observations requires a gender approach that takes into account an analysis of both biological and social factors. The host\u2019s response to infection differs in males and females because sex differences have an impact on hormonal and chromosomal control of immunity. Estradiol appears to confer protective immunity, while progesterone and testosterone suppress anti-infectious responses. In addition, genetic factors, including those associated with sex chromosomes, also affect susceptibility to infections. Finally, differences in occupational activities, lifestyle, and comorbidities play major roles in exposure to pathogens and management of diseases. Hence, considering sexual dimorphism as a critical variable for infectious diseases should be one of the steps taken toward developing personalized therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.698121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T09:18:09Z","timestamp":1626945489000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["Sexual Dimorphism and Gender in Infectious Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Gay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9a","family":"Melenotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Lakbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Mezouar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Devaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Raoult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc-Karim","family":"Bendiane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Louis","family":"M\u00e8ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2018.05.010","article-title":"Sex and Bacterial Infectious Diseases","volume":"26","author":"M\u00e8ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infections"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005374","article-title":"SeXX Matters in Infectious Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"vom Steeg","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/752852","article-title":"Pregnancy and Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases","volume":"2013","author":"Sappenfield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e181580","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.1580","article-title":"Clinical Features and Complications of Coxiella Burnetii Infections From the French National Reference Center for Q Fever","volume":"1","author":"Melenotte","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","article-title":"Sex Differences in Immune Responses","volume":"16","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03479","article-title":"X-Inactivation Profile Reveals Extensive Variability in X-Linked Gene Expression in Females","volume":"434","author":"Carrel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-020-00256-1","article-title":"Escape From X Chromosome Inactivation and Female Bias of Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"26","author":"Mousavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002710","article-title":"CD200 Receptor Controls Sex-Specific TLR7 Responses to Viral Infection","volume":"8","author":"Karnam","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045171","article-title":"Sex Bias in Susceptibility to MCMV Infection: Implication of TLR9","volume":"7","author":"Traub","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200116050-00003","article-title":"Gender Differences in Cytokine Secretion by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: Role of Estrogen in Modulating LPS-Induced Cytokine Secretion in an Ex Vivo Septic Model","volume":"16","author":"Asai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.133.11.1200","article-title":"Gender Differences in Human Sepsis","volume":"133","author":"Schr\u00f6der","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.10.042","article-title":"Gender Difference in Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Production in Human Neutrophils Stimulated by Lipopolysaccharide and Interferon-\u03b3","volume":"441","author":"Aomatsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039853","article-title":"Sex Differences in the Response to Viral Infections: TLR8 and TLR9 Ligand Stimulation Induce Higher IL10 Production in Males","volume":"7","author":"Torcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.06.035","article-title":"Age and Sex Differences in C-Fos Expression and Serum Corticosterone Concentration Following LPS Treatment","volume":"305","author":"Girard-Joyal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-019-00029-0","article-title":"Glucocorticoid\u2013immune Response to Acute Stress in Women and Men Living With HIV","volume":"42","author":"Hantsoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2011.10.009","article-title":"Gender Effect on In Vitro Lymphocyte Subset Levels of Healthy Individuals","volume":"272","author":"Abdullah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/814598","article-title":"Gender Differences of B Cell Signature in Healthy Subjects Underlie Disparities in Incidence and Course of SLE Related to Estrogen","volume":"2014","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit178","article-title":"DNA Priming Prior to Inactivated Influenza a(H5n1) Vaccination Expands the Antibody Epitope Repertoire and Increases Affinity Maturation in a Boost-Interval\u2013Dependent Manner in Adults","volume":"208","author":"Khurana","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716146115","article-title":"Sex Bias in MHC I-Associated Shaping of the Adaptive Immune System","volume":"115","author":"Schneider-Hohendorf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02155-8_3","article-title":"Sex Steroid Receptors in Immune Cells","volume-title":"Sex Hormones and Immunity to Infection","author":"Kovats","year":"2010"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2016.10.016","article-title":"Sex Steroids Mediate Bidirectional Interactions Between Hosts and Microbes","volume":"88","author":"vom Steeg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(96)00122-1","article-title":"Sex Steroid Hormones and Macrophage Function","volume":"59","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI14873","article-title":"Estrogen Alters Thresholds for B Cell Apoptosis and Activation","volume":"109","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07667.x","article-title":"Sex Hormones Modulate Inflammatory Mediators Produced by Macrophages","volume":"876","author":"D\u2019Agostino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/24.4.395","article-title":"Mortality and Survival: Comparison of Eunuchs With Intact Men and Women in a Mentally Retarded Population","volume":"24","author":"Hamilton","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348209155324","article-title":"Effects of Estrogen Deficiency in Women Castrated When Young","volume":"61","author":"Svanberg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genm.2010.01.005","article-title":"Slender, Older Women Appear to be More Susceptible to Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease","volume":"7","author":"Chan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gend Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199708150-00003","article-title":"Clinical Manifestations and Predictors of Survival in Older Women Infected With HIV","volume":"15","author":"Clark","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380798","article-title":"Effect\u00a0of\u00a0Sex on Coxiella Burnetii Infection: Protective Role of 17beta-Estradiol","volume":"189","author":"Leone","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.4207-4216.2000","article-title":"Effects of Estradiol and Progesterone on Susceptibility and Early Immune Responses to Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection in the Female Reproductive Tract","volume":"68","author":"Kaushic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2015.06.016","article-title":"Estradiol Protects Female Rats Against Sepsis Induced by Enterococcus Faecalis Improving Leukocyte Bactericidal Activity","volume":"102","author":"Saia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgr072","article-title":"17\u03b2-Estradiol Suppresses Helicobacter Pylori-Induced Gastric Pathology in Male Hypergastrinemic INS-GAS Mice","volume":"32","author":"Ohtani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.50.1.91-96.1985","article-title":"Influence of Estrogen on Host Resistance: Increased Susceptibility of Mice to Listeria Monocytogenes Correlates With Depressed Production of Interleukin 2","volume":"50","author":"Pung","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01474.x","article-title":"Effect of Oestrogen on Mycobacterium Avium Complex Pulmonary Infection in Mice","volume":"123","author":"Tsuyuguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.11.4089-4096.1991","article-title":"Sex Differences in Host Resistance to Mycobacterium Marinum Infection in Mice","volume":"59","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093831","article-title":"The Influence of Sex Steroid Hormones in the Immunopathology of Experimental Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"9","author":"Bini","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.10.6119-6122.2001","article-title":"Essential Role for Estrogen in Protection Against Vibrio Vulnificus-Induced Endotoxic Shock","volume":"69","author":"Merkel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.08.045","article-title":"Intranasal and Subcutaneous Immunization Under the Effect of Estradiol Leads to Better Protection Against Genital HSV-2 Challenge Compared to Progesterone","volume":"26","author":"Bhavanam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315776","article-title":"Estrogen Protects Against Vaginal Transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus","volume":"182","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055694","article-title":"Testosterone Increases Susceptibility to Amebic Liver Abscess in Mice and Mediates Inhibition of Ifn\u03b3 Secretion in Natural Killer T Cells","volume":"8","author":"Lotter","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01120.x","article-title":"Gonadectomy Inhibits Development of Experimental Amoebic Liver Abscess in Hamsters Through Downregulation of the Inflammatory Immune Response","volume":"31","author":"Cervantes-Rebolledo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.5.2288-2296.2002","article-title":"Gender is a Major Determinant of the Clinical Evolution and Immune Response in Hamsters Infected With Leishmania Spp","volume":"70","author":"Travi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00008-06","article-title":"Involvement of Gonadal Steroids and Gamma Interferon in Sex Differences in Response to Blood-Stage Malaria Infection","volume":"74","author":"Cernetich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1997.4148","article-title":"Schistosoma Mansoni: Susceptibility Differences Between Male and Female Mice can be Mediated by Testosterone During Early Infection","volume":"85","author":"Nakazawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4894(02)00028-0","article-title":"Taenia Crassiceps: Androgen Reconstitution of the Host Leads to Protection During Cysticercosis","volume":"100","author":"Morales-Montor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[1491:IOGASH]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Importance of Gender and Sex Hormones in Regulation of Susceptibility of the Small Intestine to Peroral Infection With Toxoplasma Gondii Tissue Cysts","volume":"87","author":"Liesenfeld","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.5.3.332-336.1972","article-title":"Influence of Gonadectomy on Candida Albicans Urinary Tract Infection in CFW Mice","volume":"5","author":"Rifkind","year":"1972","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010757","article-title":"Immunological Basis for the Gender Differences in Murine Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis Infection","volume":"5","author":"Pinzan","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1530275","article-title":"Testosterone-Induced Susceptibility to Plasmodium Chabaudi Malaria: Persistence After Withdrawal of Testosterone","volume":"153","author":"Benten","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012190","article-title":"Sex-Related Differences in Gene Expression Following Coxiella Burnetii Infection in Mice: Potential Role of Circadian Rhythm","volume":"5","author":"Textoris","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2005.01270.x","article-title":"Clocks and the Black Box: Circadian Influences on Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion","volume":"17","author":"Chappell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425041","article-title":"Link Between Impaired Maturation of Phagosomes and Defective Coxiella Burnetii Killing in Patients With Chronic Q Fever","volume":"190","author":"Ghigo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0040023","article-title":"Persistent Coxiella Burnetii Infection in Mice Overexpressing IL-10: An Efficient Model for Chronic Q Fever Pathogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Meghari","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.06.012","article-title":"Schistosoma Haematobium: Identification of New Estrogenic Molecules With Estradiol Antagonistic Activity and Ability to Inactivate Estrogen Receptor in Mammalian Cells","volume":"126","author":"Botelho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02155-8_7","article-title":"Sex Differences in Parasitic Infections: Beyond the Dogma of Female-Biased Resistance","volume-title":"Sex Hormones and Immunity to Infection","author":"Escobedo","year":"2010"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23163","article-title":"Identification of Androgen Response Elements in the Enhancer I of Hepatitis B Virus: A Mechanism for Sex Disparity in Chronic Hepatitis B","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.8.3261-3269.1989","article-title":"Progesterone and Glucocorticoid Response Elements Occur in the Long Control Regions of Several Human Papillomaviruses Involved in Anogenital Neoplasia","volume":"63","author":"Chan","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.3.922","article-title":"Candida Albicans Estrogen-Binding Protein Gene Encodes an Oxidoreductase That is Inhibited by Estradiol","volume":"91","author":"Madani","year":"1994","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.06.027","article-title":"Brucellosis in Pregnancy: Clinical Aspects and Obstetric Outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Vilchez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04519.x","article-title":"Q Fever During Pregnancy: A Cause of Poor Fetal and Maternal Outcome","volume":"1166","author":"Carcopino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-015-3958-9","article-title":"Q Fever and Pregnancy: Experience From the Limoges Regional University Hospital","volume":"294","author":"Coste Mazeau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2011.035","article-title":"Listeriosis in Human Pregnancy: A Systematic Review","volume":"39","author":"Lamont","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-020-05664-6","article-title":"Effect of Chlamydia Trachomatis on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"302","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2014.08.009","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Group B Streptococcus in Pregnancy","volume":"41","author":"Ahmadzia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1580089","article-title":"Zika Virus and Pregnancy: A Review of the Literature and Clinical Considerations","volume":"33","author":"Marrs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0382-RA","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection in Pregnancy, Microcephaly, and Maternal and Fetal Health: What We Think, What We Know, and What We Think We Know","volume":"141","author":"Alvarado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02749.x","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 Infection in Human Pregnancy","volume":"118","author":"Lamont","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i34.4677","article-title":"Hepatitis B in Pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"Borgia","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12355","article-title":"Viral Infections During Pregnancy","volume":"73","author":"Silasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.479","article-title":"Pandemic 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Illness Among Pregnant Women in the United States","volume":"303","author":"Siston","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2012.02.023","article-title":"Pregnancy and Pregnancy-Associated Hormones Alter Immune Responses and Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"62","author":"Robinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1211.060152","article-title":"Emerging Infections and Pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Jamieson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B73","article-title":"Mortality\u00a0Trends in Falciparum Malaria-Effect of Gender Difference and Pregnancy","volume":"47","author":"Kochar","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu020","article-title":"Sex, Immunity and Influenza","author":"Gabriel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002217","article-title":"Is Pregnancy Associated With Severe Dengue? A Review of Data From the Rio De Janeiro Surveillance Information System","volume":"7","author":"Machado","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2007-0001","article-title":"The Complex Role of Estrogens in Inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Straub","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi008","article-title":"Sex Hormones and the Immune Response in Humans","volume":"11","author":"Bouman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-012-8303-9","article-title":"The Influence of Pregnancy on Systemic Immunity","volume":"54","author":"Pazos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-011-9627-2","article-title":"Characterizing the Pregnancy Immune Phenotype: Results of the Viral Immunity and Pregnancy (VIP) Study","volume":"32","author":"Kraus","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401850","article-title":"TLR Signaling","volume":"13","author":"Kawai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06273.x","article-title":"Genetic Lessons Learned From X-Linked Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Diseases: X-Linked Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Diseases","volume":"1246","author":"Bustamante","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2394","article-title":"The X-Files in Immunity: Sex-Based Differences Predispose Immune Responses","volume":"8","author":"Fish","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2011.01.007","article-title":"MicroRNA, a New Paradigm for Understanding Immunoregulation, Inflammation, and Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"157","author":"Dai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.20018","article-title":"The Mammalian microRNA Response to Bacterial Infections","volume":"9","author":"Eulalio","year":"2012","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67604","article-title":"MicroRNA-223 Controls Susceptibility to Tuberculosis by Regulating Lung Neutrophil Recruitment","volume":"123","author":"Dorhoi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2008.11.001","article-title":"What Does the \u201cFour Core Genotypes\u201d Mouse Model Tell Us About Sex Differences in the Brain and Other Tissues","volume":"30","author":"Arnold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1520113113","article-title":"Unusual Maintenance of X Chromosome Inactivation Predisposes Female Lymphocytes for Increased Expression From the Inactive X","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108485","article-title":"Heterogeneous Escape From X Chromosome Inactivation Results in Sex Differences in Type I IFN Responses at the Single Human pDC Level","volume":"33","author":"Hagen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aap8855","article-title":"TLR7 Escapes X Chromosome Inactivation in Immune Cells","volume":"3","author":"Souyris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2009.07.013","article-title":"X Chromosomal Variation is Associated With Slow Progression to AIDS in HIV-1-Infected Women","volume":"85","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/545972","article-title":"Relationship Between Toll-Like Receptor 8 Gene Polymorphisms and Pediatric Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume-title":"Dis Markers","author":"Dalgic","year":"2011"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.8.080706.092315","article-title":"Host Genetics of Mycobacterial Diseases in Mice and Men: Forward Genetic Studies of BCG-Osis and Tuberculosis","volume":"8","author":"Fortin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-010-0491-7","article-title":"Interleukin 6 Promoter Polymorphisms Influence the Outcome of Chronic Hepatitis C","volume":"63","author":"Cussigh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.09.011","article-title":"Gender-Dependent Association of CTLA4 Polymorphisms With Resolution of Hepatitis C Virus Infection","volume":"46","author":"Schott","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03118-8","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Bias Differences in COVID-19 Mortality","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620889114","article-title":"Genetic Variation in Chromosome Y Regulates Susceptibility to Influenza A Virus Infection","volume":"114","author":"Krementsov","year":"2017","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.111.001610","article-title":"Chromosome Y Regulates Survival Following Murine Coxsackievirus B3 Infection","volume":"2","author":"Case","year":"2012","journal-title":"G3: Genes Genom Genet"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363841","article-title":"Complex Genetic Control of Susceptibility to Malaria in Mice","volume":"3","author":"Fortin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.1990.tb00862.x","article-title":"Genetic Analysis of Leishmania Mexicana Infection in Mice: Single Gene (Scl-2) Controlled Predisposition to Cutaneous Lesion Development","volume":"17","author":"Roberts","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Immunogenet"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.11.6958-6964.1995","article-title":"Chromosome Mapping of Rmp-4, a Gonad-Dependent Gene Encoding Host Resistance to Mousepox","volume":"69","author":"Brownstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2010.08.023","article-title":"Urinary Tract Infections in Women","volume":"95","author":"Dielubanza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Clin"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.UTI-0025-2016","article-title":"The Vaginal Microbiota and Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"4","author":"Stapleton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B103","first-page":"27","article-title":"Urinary Tract Infection Risk Factors and Gender","volume":"3","author":"Harrington","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gend Specif Med"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/349597","article-title":"Gender and Age-Dependent Etiology of Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections","volume-title":"ScientificWorldJournal","author":"Magliano","year":"2012"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0576","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Human Papillomavirus Infection Concordance","volume":"19","author":"Reiter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.02.019","article-title":"Sex Differences in Native-Valve Infective Endocarditis in a Single Tertiary-Care Hospital","volume":"106","author":"Sambola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540600993285","article-title":"Gender Differences in Infective Endocarditis: Pre- and Co-Morbid Conditions Lead to Different Management and Outcomes in Female Patients","volume":"39","author":"Aksoy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.11.006","article-title":"The Influence of Age and Gender on the Population-Based Incidence of Community-Acquired Pneumonia Caused by Different Microbial Pathogens","volume":"53","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31561-0","article-title":"Sex and Gender: Modifiers of Health, Disease, and Medicine","volume":"396","author":"Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.04.011","article-title":"Sex Differences in the Incidence and Severity of Respiratory Tract Infections","volume":"101","author":"Falagas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30143-7","article-title":"Global Burden of Cancers Attributable to Infections in 2012: A Synthetic Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Plummer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B112","article-title":"WHO Tuberculosis Report","volume-title":"WHO | Global Tuberculosis Report 2017.","year":""},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110104","article-title":"Gender Disparities in Latent Tuberculosis Infection in High-Risk Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"9","author":"Ting","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0417-398","article-title":"Beyond the Breath: Exploring Sex Differences in Tuberculosis Outside the Lungs","volume":"23","author":"Katsnelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000165658.82869.17","article-title":"Blood Culture-Negative Endocarditis in a Reference Center: Etiologic Diagnosis of 348 Cases","volume":"84","author":"Houpikian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.02.030","article-title":"The Sexual Dimorphism of Anticardiolipin Autoantibodies in Acute Q Fever Patients","volume":"25","author":"Melenotte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000489","article-title":"Whipple\u2019s Disease and Tropheryma Whipplei Infections: When to Suspect Them and How to Diagnose and Treat Them","volume":"31","author":"Lagier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra062477","article-title":"Whipple\u2019s Disease","volume":"356","author":"Fenollar","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12724","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factor Assessment of Tropheryma Whipplei in a Rural Community in Gabon: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"20","author":"Ramharter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1760786","article-title":"Bacterial Infection and non-Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma","volume":"46","author":"Melenotte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(18)30038-3","article-title":"Exposure to Coxiella Burnetii and Risk of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Retrospective Population-Based Analysis in the Netherlands","volume":"5","author":"van Roeden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-04-639617","article-title":"B-Cell non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Linked to","volume":"127","author":"Melenotte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Coxiella Burnetii Blood"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.06.026","article-title":"Carcinogenesis of Helicobacter Pylori","volume":"133","author":"Correa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh102","article-title":"Evidence for an Association Between Chlamydia Psittaci and Ocular Adnexal Lymphomas","volume":"96","author":"Ferreri","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6987.2003.00167.x","article-title":"Borrelia Burgdorferi-Associated Lymphocytoma Cutis: Clinicopathologic, Immunophenotypic, and Molecular Study of 106 Cases","volume":"31","author":"Colli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.01525.x","article-title":"Gender Distribution in Asymptomatic and Invasive Amebiasis","volume":"95","author":"Acuna-Soto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035592","article-title":"Age-Dependent Sex Bias in Clinical Malarial Disease in Hypoendemic Regions","volume":"7","author":"Pathak","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.714529","article-title":"Endemic Paracoccidioidomycosis: Relationship Between Clinical Presentation and Patients\u2019 Demographic Features","volume":"51","author":"Bellissimo-Rodrigues","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.2002.02143.x","article-title":"Liver Fluke-Associated Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"89","author":"Watanapa","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJS"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2010.07.008","article-title":"Helminths in Human Carcinogenesis","volume":"305","author":"Fried","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.13.21.18880-en","article-title":"Surveillance and Epidemiology of Hepatitis B and C in Europe \u2013 A Review","volume":"13","author":"Rantala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"B132","article-title":"WHO AIDS Update","volume-title":"WHO | Global AIDS Update.","year":""},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.078147","article-title":"Higher Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Females Compared With Males","volume":"55","author":"Bakr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/ijabmr.IJABMR_337_18","article-title":"Prevalence of Dengue Fever in Western Uttar Pradesh, India: A Gender-Based Study","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J App Basic Med Res"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5365\/wpsar.2018.9.3.001","article-title":"Dengue in Fiji: Epidemiology of the 2014 DENV-3 Outbreak","volume":"10","author":"Getahun","year":"2019","journal-title":"WPSAR"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2017.1254550","article-title":"The Mechanistic Role of Antibodies to Dengue Virus in Protection and Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Gan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004031","article-title":"First Experimental In Vivo Model of Enhanced Dengue Disease Severity Through Maternally Acquired Heterotypic Dengue Antibodies","volume":"10","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241827","article-title":"COVID-19 Gender Susceptibility and Outcomes: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Lakbar","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-020-00304-9","article-title":"Impact of Sex and Gender on COVID-19 Outcomes in Europe","volume":"11","author":"Gebhard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585","article-title":"Autoantibodies Against Type I IFNs in Patients With Life-Threatening COVID-19","volume":"370","author":"Bastard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.061","article-title":"Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"142","author":"El-Serag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(20000201)85:3<319::AID-IJC4>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Evaluation of Adult T-Cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma Incidence and Its Impact on non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Incidence in Southwestern Japan","volume":"85","author":"Arisawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20010215)91:4<497::AID-IJC1044>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Sex-Specific Mortality From Adult T-Cell Leukemia Among Carriers of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I","volume":"91","author":"Hisada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.175646","article-title":"Mining and Risk of Tuberculosis in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"101","author":"Stuckler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202684","article-title":"Whipple\u2019s Disease","volume":"72","author":"Pu\u00e9chal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.5.1176","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Vibrio Infections in Florida, 1981-1993","volume":"173","author":"Hlady","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B147","article-title":"A. The State of Food and Agriculture, 2010-2011","volume-title":"Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development","year":"2011"},{"key":"B148","article-title":"Gender and Age-Specific Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis in Selected Villages Near a Dam Site in Gusau Local Government Area, Zamfara State, Nigeria","volume":"32","author":"Ladan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nigerian J Parasitol"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e361","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000361","article-title":"Prevalence Distribution and Risk Factors for Schistosoma Hematobium Infection Among School Children in Blantyre, Malawi","volume":"3","author":"Kapito-Tembo","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062390","article-title":"Sex Bias in Infectious Disease Epidemiology: Patterns and Processes","volume":"8","author":"Guerra-Silveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90173-9","article-title":"Epidemiologic Features and Clinical Presentation of Acute Q Fever in Hospitalized Patients: 323 French Cases","volume":"93","author":"Dupont","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.1029","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Brucellosis in a High-Risk Group of Individuals in Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"Rahman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1360","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Brucellosis as a Professional Hazard in Pakistan","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"B154","article-title":"Les Lettres De L\u2019observatoire National Des Violences Faites Aux Femmes (ONVF)","volume-title":"Prostitution En France: Ampleur Du Ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne Impact Sur Les Personnes Prostitu\u00e9es","year":"2015"},{"key":"B155","volume-title":"Guidelines: Prevention and Treatment of HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections for Sex Workers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries","year":"2012"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2015.07.008","article-title":"Syphilis in Montpellier, France, From 2002 to 2011: Survey in a Free Hospital Screening Centre for Venereal Disease and in the Dermatology Unit of a Regional Public Hospital","volume":"142","author":"Amelot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60253-6","article-title":"Gender and Global Health: Evidence, Policy, and Inconvenient Truths","volume":"381","author":"Hawkes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02696.x","article-title":"Gender and Alcohol Consumption: Patterns From the Multinational GENACIS Project","volume":"104","author":"Wilsnack","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268805005042","article-title":"Does Smoking Explain Sex Differences in the Global Tuberculosis Epidemic","volume":"134","author":"Watkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"B160","article-title":"Gender Disparities in Tuberculosis: Report From a Rural DOTS Programme in South India","volume":"8","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000659","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association","volume":"139","author":"Benjamin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320924501","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19: Les Liaisons Dangereuses","volume":"27","author":"Barison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002119","article-title":"Sex Differences in Tuberculosis Burden and Notifications in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Horton","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.698121\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T09:18:27Z","timestamp":1626945507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.698121\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"references-count":163,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.698121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.698121","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"article-number":"698121"}}