{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T04:17:12Z","timestamp":1793593032869,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["210879364 Projects C1, C4 and C5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["210879364 Projects C1, C4 and C5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>is usually a benign member of the human gut microbiota, but can become pathogenic under certain circumstances, for example in an immunocompromised host. The innate immune system, in particular neutrophils and macrophages, constitutes a crucial first line of defense against fungal invasion, however adaptive immunity may provide long term protection and thus allow vaccination of at risk patients. While T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>1 and T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>17 cells are important for antifungal responses, the role of B cells and antibodies in protection from<jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>infection is less well defined. In this study, we show that<jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>hyphae but not yeast, as well as fungal cell wall components, directly activate B cells<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>MyD88 signaling triggered by Toll- like receptor 2, leading to increased IgG1 production. While Dectin-1 signals and specific recognition by the B cell receptor are dispensable for B cell activation in this system, TLR2\/MyD88 signals cooperate with CD40 signals in promoting B cell activation. Importantly, recognition of<jats:italic>C. albicans via<\/jats:italic>MyD88 signaling is also essential for induction of IL-6 secretion by B cells, which promotes T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>17 polarization in T-B cell coculture experiments. B cells may thus be activated directly by<jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>in its invasive form, leading to production of antibodies and T cell help for fungal clearance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.698849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T05:55:32Z","timestamp":1636350932000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["B Cell Recognition of Candida albicans Hyphae via TLR 2 Promotes IgG1 and IL-6 Secretion for TH17 Differentiation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Ferreira-Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Wich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"B\u00f6de","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Hube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilse D.","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berit","family":"Jungnickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/421946","article-title":"Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections in US Hospitals: Analysis of 24,179 Cases From a Prospective Nationwide Surveillance Study","volume":"39","author":"Wisplinghoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/390241","article-title":"Candida Immunity","volume":"2014","author":"Naglik","year":"2014","journal-title":"New J Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222236","article-title":"Tackling Human Fungal Infections","volume":"336","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.152","article-title":"Candida albicans Dimorphism as a Therapeutic Target","volume":"10","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti-Infective Ther"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.22913","article-title":"Candida albicans Pathogenicity Mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Mayer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20070081","article-title":"Chemical Structure of the Cell-Wall Mannan of Candida albicans Serotype A and Its Difference in Yeast and Hyphal Forms","volume":"404","author":"Shibata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.529131","article-title":"Novel Structural Features in Candida albicans Hyphal Glucan Provide a Basis for Differential Innate Immune Recognition of Hyphae Versus Yeast","volume":"289","author":"Lowman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.01086.x","article-title":"Induction of ERK-Kinase Signaling Triggers Morphotype-Specific Killing of Candida albicans Filaments by Human Neutrophils","volume":"10","author":"Wozniok","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.10.1661","article-title":"Dendritic Cells Discriminate Between Yeasts and Hyphae of the Fungus Candida albicans. 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