{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:02:54Z","timestamp":1790355774132,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Alcaligenes<\/jats:italic> spp., including <jats:italic>A. faecalis<\/jats:italic>, is a gram-negative facultative bacterium uniquely residing inside the Peyer\u2019s patches. We previously showed that <jats:italic>A. faecalis<\/jats:italic>-derived lipopolysaccharides (<jats:italic>Alcaligenes<\/jats:italic> LPS) acts as a weak agonist of toll-like receptor 4 to activate dendritic cells and shows adjuvant activity by enhancing IgG and Th17 responses to systemic vaccination. Here, we examined the efficacy of <jats:italic>Alcaligenes<\/jats:italic> LPS as a nasal vaccine adjuvant. Nasal immunization with ovalbumin (OVA) plus <jats:italic>Alcaligenes<\/jats:italic> LPS induced follicular T helper cells and germinal center formation in the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and cervical lymph nodes (CLNs), and consequently enhanced OVA-specific IgA and IgG responses in the respiratory tract and serum. In addition, nasal immunization with OVA plus <jats:italic>Alcaligenes<\/jats:italic> LPS induced OVA-specific T cells producing IL-17 and\/or IL-10, whereas nasal immunization with OVA plus cholera toxin (CT) induced OVA-specific T cells producing IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17, which are recognized as pathogenic type of Th17 cells. In addition, CT, but not <jats:italic>Alcaligenes<\/jats:italic> LPS, promoted the production of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-5 by T cells. Nasal immunization with OVA plus CT, but not <jats:italic>Alcaligenes<\/jats:italic> LPS, led to increased numbers of neutrophils and eosinophils in the nasal cavity. Together, these findings indicate that the benign nature of <jats:italic>Alcaligenes<\/jats:italic> LPS is an effective nasal vaccine adjuvant that induces antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses without activation of inflammatory cascade after nasal administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.699349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T16:59:09Z","timestamp":1625158749000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Lipopolysaccharide Derived From the Lymphoid-Resident Commensal Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Functions as an Effective Nasal Adjuvant to Augment IgA Antibody and Th17 Cell Responses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yunru","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Hosomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Shimoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Yoshii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Nagatake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukari","family":"Fujimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kiyono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Fukase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Kunisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.09.033","article-title":"Induction 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