{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:20:24Z","timestamp":1768321224932,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>CCR9+ Tfh-like pathogenic T helper (Th) cells are elevated in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (pSS) and indicated to play a role in pSS immunopathology. Here we delineate the CCR9+ Th cell-specific transcriptome to study the molecular dysregulation of these cells in pSS patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>CCR9+, CXCR5+ and CCR9-CXCR5- Th cells from blood of 7 healthy controls (HC) and 7 pSS patients were FACS sorted and RNA sequencing was performed. Computational analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), coherent gene expression networks and differentially regulated pathways. Target genes were replicated in additional cohorts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>5131 genes were differentially expressed between CCR9+ and CXCR5+ Th cells; 6493 and 4783 between CCR9+ and CCR9-CXCR5- and between CXCR5+ and CCR9-CXCR5-, respectively. In the CCR9+ Th cell subset 2777 DEGs were identified between HC and pSS patients, 1416 and 1077 in the CXCR5+ and CCR9-CXCR5- subsets, respectively. One gene network was selected based on eigengene expression differences between the Th cell subsets and pathways enriched for genes involved in migration and adhesion, cytokine and chemokine production. Selected DEGs of interest (HOPX, SOX4, ITGAE, ITGA1, NCR3, ABCB1, C3AR1, NT5E, CCR5 and CCL5) from this module were validated and found upregulated in blood CCR9+ Th cells, but were similarly expressed in HC and pSS patients. Increased frequencies of CCR9+ Th cells were shown to express higher levels of CCL5 than CXCR5+ and CCR9-CXCR5- Th cells, with the highest expression confined to effector CCR9+ Th cells. Antigenic triggering and stimulation with IL-7 of the Th cell subsets co-cultured with monocytes strongly induced CCL5 secretion in CCR9+ Th cell cocultures. Additionally, effector CCR9+ Th cells rapidly released CCL5 and secreted the highest CCL5 levels upon stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transcriptomic analysis of circulating CCR9+ Th cells reveals CCR9-specific pathways involved in effector T cell function equally expressed in pSS patients and HC. Given the increased numbers of CCR9+ Th cells in the blood and inflamed glands of pSS patients and presence of inflammatory stimuli to activate these cells this suggests that CCR9-specific functions, such as cell recruitment upon CCL5 secretion, could significantly contribute to immunopathology in pSS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.702733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T14:57:10Z","timestamp":1627397830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Transcriptome Analysis of CCR9+ T Helper Cells From Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome Patients Identifies CCL5 as a Novel Effector Molecule"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anneline C.","family":"Hinrichs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofie L. 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