{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:32:17Z","timestamp":1782977537717,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), multiple sclerosis (MS) and autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy are idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IIDDs) that mainly present as encephalomyelitis. Heparan sulfate (HS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) are two components of glycocalyx, a carbohydrate-rich layer on the surface of blood vessels that mediates interaction with blood. Degradation of glycocalyx in NMO is poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To detect the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of shed HS and HA and to correlate these levels with disease severity to determine their diagnostic value.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We obtained serum and CSF samples from 24 NMO patients, 15 MS patients, 10 autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy patients, and 18 controls without non-inflammatory neurological diseases. Soluble HS and HA, and IFN\u03b3, IL17A, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1 were detected <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> ELISA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum and CSF levels of HS, HA and related cytokines but not of plasma MMP1 were significantly elevated in these diseases. Notably, HS and HA levels were positively correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results indicate glycocalyx degradation and inflammation in NMO, MS and autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy. Moreover, increased shedding of HS or HA may indicate a worse clinical situation. Furthermore, therapeutic strategies that protect glycocalyx may be effective in these diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.705536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T16:46:41Z","timestamp":1626972401000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["High Level of Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Heparan Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid Might Be a Biomarker of Severity of Neuromyelitis 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