{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:29:40Z","timestamp":1790778580170,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GACR 16-22346S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GACR 16-22346S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004240","name":"Akademie V\u011bd \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RVO 68378050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RVO 68378050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003243","name":"Ministerstvo Zdravotnictv\u00ed Cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NV19-05-00457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NV19-05-00457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003243","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation is an integral part of defense against most infectious diseases. These pathogen-induced immune responses are in very many instances strongly influenced by host\u2019s sex. As a consequence, sexual dimorphisms were observed in susceptibility to many infectious diseases. They are pathogen dose-dependent, and their outcomes depend on pathogen and even on its species or subspecies. Sex may differentially affect pathology of various organs and its influence is modified by interaction of host\u2019s hormonal status and genotype: sex chromosomes X and Y, as well as autosomal genes. In this Mini Review we summarize the major influences of sex in human infections and subsequently focus on 22 autosomal genes\/loci that modify in a sex-dependent way the response to infectious diseases in mouse models. These genes have been observed to influence susceptibility to viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi and worms. Some sex-dependent genes\/loci affect susceptibility only in females or only in males, affect both sexes, but have stronger effect in one sex; still other genes were shown to affect the disease in both sexes, but with opposite direction of effect in females and males. The understanding of mechanisms of sex-dependent differences in the course of infectious diseases may be relevant for their personalized management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.712688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T01:55:11Z","timestamp":1634176511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Gene-Specific Sex Effects on Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Lipoldov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Demant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","article-title":"Sex Differences in Immune Responses","volume":"16","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.08.032","article-title":"Sex Difference in Immune Response to Vaccination: A Participant-Level Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials of IMVAMUNE Smallpox Vaccine","volume":"33","author":"Troy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010327","article-title":"Sex Disparity in Response to Hepatitis B Vaccine Related to the Age of Vaccination","volume":"17","author":"Trevisan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-0726-5","article-title":"Sex Differences in Vaccine-Induced Humoral Immunity","volume":"41","author":"Fischinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00035.2015","article-title":"Sex and Gender Impact Immune Responses to Vaccines Among the Elderly","volume":"30","author":"Fink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol (Bethesda)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI133935","article-title":"BCG Vaccination in Humans Inhibits Systemic Inflammation in a Sex-Dependent Manner","volume":"130","author":"Koeken","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200948030-00001","article-title":"Sex Differences in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics","volume":"48","author":"Soldin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.10.053","article-title":"Differential Effects of Environmental and Genetic Factors on T and B Cell Immune Traits","volume":"17","author":"Aguirre-Gamboa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2141224a0","article-title":"Influence of Sex in Immunoglobulin Levels","volume":"214","author":"Butterworth","year":"1967","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1996.d01-1786.x","article-title":"The Bone Marrow Aspirate of Healthy Subjects","volume":"94","author":"Bain","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.10011","article-title":"Normal Values of CD4 and CD8 Lymphocyte Subsets in Healthy Indian Adults and the Effects of Sex, Age, Ethnicity, and Smoking","volume":"52","author":"Uppal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cytometry B Clin Cytom"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.4.2088","article-title":"TLR7 Ligands Induce Higher IFN-Alpha Production in Females","volume":"177","author":"Bergh\u00f6fer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601855","article-title":"Multicenter Systems Analysis of Human Blood Reveals Immature Neutrophils in Males and During Pregnancy","volume":"198","author":"Blazkova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003603117","article-title":"Sex Differences in Neutrophil Biology Modulate Response to Type I Interferons and Immunometabolism","volume":"117","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.08.006","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dynamics at the Interface of Immune Cell Metabolism and Function","volume":"39","author":"Rambold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2784-1","article-title":"Biochemistry of Proinflammatory Macrophage Activation","volume":"75","author":"Nonnenmacher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-03-340281","article-title":"Sex Differences in Resident Immune Cell Phenotype Underlie More Efficient Acute Inflammatory Responses in Female Mice","volume":"118","author":"Scotland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339900800510","article-title":"Gender Differences in Some Host Defense Mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Spitzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-017-0551-3","article-title":"Sex Differences in Macrophage Functions in Middle-Aged Rats: Relevance of Estradiol Level and Macrophage Estrogen Receptor Expression","volume":"40","author":"\u0106uruvija","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80030-9","article-title":"Seasonal Variation in Sex-Specific Immunity in Wild Birds","volume":"11","author":"Valdebenito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1999.7370","article-title":"Sexual Dimorphism in Phagocytic Activity of Wall Lizard\u2019s Splenic Macrophages and Its Control by Sex Steroids","volume":"116","author":"Mondal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2012.11.021","article-title":"Gender Differences in the Immune System Activities of Sea Urchin Paracentrotus Lividus","volume":"164","author":"Arizza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03075","article-title":"Sexual Dimorphisms in Innate Immunity and Responses to Infection in Drosophila Melanogaster","volume":"10","author":"Belmonte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12564","article-title":"Hospitalization and Mortality Due to Hepatitis A in Taiwan: A 15-Year Nationwide Cohort Study","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25298","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Gender Disparity","volume":"127","author":"Ruggieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2019.10127","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Molecular Mechanism of Sex Disparity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25695","article-title":"Androgen Pathway Stimulates microRNA-216a Transcription to Suppress the Tumor Suppressor in Lung Cancer-1 Gene in Early Hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1510305","article-title":"Ebola Virus Disease Among Male and Female Persons in West Africa","volume":"374","author":"Agua-Agum","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.07.024","article-title":"COVID-19 and Sex Differences: Mechanisms and >Biomarkers","volume":"95","author":"Haitao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2223","article-title":"Sex-Based Differences in Severity and Mortality in COVID-19","volume":"1","author":"Alwani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009420","article-title":"Sex- and Age-Specific Clinical and Immunological Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"17","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103474","article-title":"COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility\/Receptivity: Role of ACE1\/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-Chromosome in Females be Protective Against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males","volume":"21","author":"Gemmati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.04.015","article-title":"ACE2 Receptor Polymorphism: Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, Hypertension, Multi-Organ Failure, and COVID-19 Disease Outcome","volume":"53","author":"Devaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"B34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 in Persons Aged 14-49: United States, 2015-2016","author":"McQuillan","year":"2018","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002388","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Europe: Systematic Review, Meta-Analyses and Meta-Regressions","volume":"5","author":"Yousuf","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/23.3.632","article-title":"Sex Differences in Measles Mortality: A World Review","volume":"23","author":"Garenne","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199411000-00003","article-title":"The Efficiency of Male-to-Female and Female-to-Male Sexual Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Study of 730 Stable Couples. Italian Study Group on HIV Heterosexual Transmission","volume":"5","author":"Nicolosi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160112","article-title":"Sex and Gender Differences in HIV-1 Infection","volume":"130","author":"Griesbeck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148502","article-title":"Sex Differences in HIV Prevalence Persist Over Time: Evidence From 18 Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"11","author":"Hegdahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B40","unstructured":"StockholmECDCHIV\/AIDS Surveillance in Europe 2019 \u2013 2018 Data2019"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.4.880","article-title":"Epidemiology of Helicobacter Pylori Infection Among 4742 Randomly Selected Subjects From Northern Ireland","volume":"26","author":"Murray","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206995","article-title":"A Retrospective Seroepidemiologic Survey of Chlamydia Pneumoniae Infection in Patients in Beijing Between 2008 and 2017","volume":"13","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Public Health England Laboratory Surveillance of Klebsiella Ssp. Bacteraemia in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: 2018","volume":"14","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Prot Rep"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12699","article-title":"Epidemiology and Cost of Lyme Disease-Related Hospitalizations Among Patients With Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance-United States, 2005-2014","volume":"67","author":"Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2006.02360.x","article-title":"Lyme Borreliosis Reinfection: Might It Be Explained by a Gender Difference in Immune Response","volume":"118","author":"Jarefors","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-0725-6","article-title":"Sex Differences in Tuberculosis","volume":"41","author":"Hertz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B47","volume-title":"Mortality Patterns in National Populations","author":"Preston","year":"1976"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2548","article-title":"Differences Among Incidence Rates of Invasive Listeriosis in the U.S. FoodNet Population by Age, Sex, Race\/Ethnicity, and Pregnancy Status, 2008-2016","volume":"16","author":"Pohl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20222","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.29.20222-en","article-title":"Syphilis on the Rise Again in Germany\u2013results From Surveillance Data for 2011","volume":"17","author":"Bremer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17073","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.73","article-title":"Syphilis","volume":"3","author":"Peeling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007995","article-title":"Male Predominance in Reported Visceral Leishmaniasis Cases: Nature or Nurture? A Comparison of Population-Based With Health Facility-Reported Data","volume":"14","author":"Cloots","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02518.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of Leishmania Donovani Infection in High-Transmission Foci in Nepal","volume":"15","author":"Rijal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2530-9","article-title":"Variations in Visceral Leishmaniasis Burden, Mortality and the Pathway to Care Within Bihar, India","volume":"10","author":"Jervis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/545393","article-title":"Trend Analysis of Visceral Leishmaniasis at Addis Zemen Health Center, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"2014","author":"Wondimeneh","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.29.20531","article-title":"Geographical Distribution and Epidemiological Characteristics of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Bulgaria, 1988 to 2012","volume":"18","author":"Harizanov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.29.20534","article-title":"Surveillance of Leishmaniases in France, 1999 to 2012","volume":"18","author":"Lachaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003594","article-title":"Epidemiological Changes in Leishmaniasis in Spain According to Hospitalization-Based Records, 1997\u20132011: Raising Awareness Towards Leishmaniasis in Non-HIV Patients","volume":"9","author":"Herrador","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0563","article-title":"Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence for Sex-Dependent Differences in the Outcome of Leishmania Infantum Infection","volume":"98","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2010.140182","article-title":"Resurgence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Israel, 2001-2012","volume":"20","author":"Gandacu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/913510","article-title":"The Associations of Leishmania Major and Leishmania Tropica Aspects by Focusing Their Morphological and Molecular Features on Clinical Appearances in Khuzestan Province, Iran","volume":"2014","author":"Spotin","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.08.018","article-title":"Epidemiological and Molecular and Molecular Investigation of Resurgent Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sudan","volume":"88","author":"Collis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12337","article-title":"Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Amazonia: A Comparison of Sex-Biased Incidence Among Rural Settlers and Field Biologists","volume":"19","author":"Soares","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.030026","article-title":"Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Kabul, Afghanistan","volume":"9","author":"Reithinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.2939","article-title":"Children and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Clinical Report and Review","volume":"7","author":"Layegh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-386","article-title":"Prevalence and Determinants of Leishmania Major Infection in Emerging and Old Foci in Tunisia","volume":"7","author":"Bettaieb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005937","article-title":"Estimating the Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma Mansoni Infection Among Rural Communities in Western Tanzania: The Influence of Sampling Strategy and Statistical Approach","volume":"11","author":"Bakuza","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.1023","article-title":"Studies on Schistosomiasis in Taiz Province, Yemen Arab Republic","volume":"32","author":"Hazza","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036195","article-title":"Emergence of Cryptococcal Disease: Epidemiologic Perspectives 100 Years After Its Discovery","volume":"17","author":"Hajjeh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462417732649","article-title":"Epidemiology and Trends of Cryptococcosis in the United States From 2000 to 2007: A Population-Based Study","volume":"29","author":"Shaheen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2656-4","article-title":"Current Epidemiological Evidence for Predisposition to High or Low Intensity Human Helminth Infection: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/000349809X12459740922291","article-title":"Ecuadorian Neurocysticercosis Group. The Association of Host Age and Gender With Inflammation Around Neurocysticercosis Cysts","volume":"103","author":"Kelvin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155244","article-title":"Role of Host Genetics and Cytokines in Leishmania Infection","volume":"147","author":"Krayem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1832","article-title":"Genetic Susceptibility to Infectious Disease: Lessons From Mouse Models of Leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Lipoldov\u00e1","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3114","article-title":"Human Genetic Susceptibility to Infectious Disease","volume":"13","author":"Chapman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2021.04.006","article-title":"New Insights Into Human Immunity From Ancient Genomics","volume":"72","author":"Kerner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002603","article-title":"Climate Change and Women\u2019s Health: Impacts and Policy Directions","volume":"15","author":"Sorensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-2276.2003.01120.x","article-title":"Polyparasitism With Schistosoma Haematobium and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections Among School Children in Loum, Cameroon","volume":"8","author":"Tchuem Tchuent\u00e9","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.110","article-title":"Antibody Responses and Cross Protection Against Lethal Influenza A Viruses Differ Between the Sexes in C57BL\/6 Mice","volume":"29","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S178288","article-title":"Sex Differences of Inflammation in Target Organs, Induced by Intraperitoneal Injection of Lipopolysaccharide, Depend on Its Dose","volume":"11","author":"Kosyreva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Inflamm Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000058303","article-title":"Sex Differences and Cross-Immunity in DBA\/2 Mice Infected With L. Mexicana and L. Major","volume":"96","author":"Alexander","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001667","article-title":"Genetics of Host Response to Leishmania Tropica in Mice - Different Control of Skin Pathology, Chemokine Reaction, and Invasion Into Spleen and Liver","volume":"6","author":"Kobets","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-009-0392-9","article-title":"Distinct Genetic Control of Parasite Elimination, Dissemination, and Disease After Leishmania Major Infection","volume":"61","author":"Kurey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.4.1501","article-title":"Reactivation of Latent Leishmaniasis by Inhibition of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase","volume":"183","author":"Stenger","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200323825","article-title":"Organ-Specific and Stage-Dependent Control of Leishmania Major Infection by Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase","volume":"33","author":"Blos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.5217506","article-title":"Tissue-Specific Expression and Regulation of Sexually Dimorphic Genes in Mice","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00894-19","article-title":"Selective Inhibition of Coxiella Burnetii Replication by the Steroid Hormone Progesterone","volume":"88","author":"Howard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1973.tb04156.x","article-title":"Mechanism of Action of the Gonadal Steroids Producing Diminution of Growth of Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"36","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Appl Bacteriol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00086.2006","article-title":"Sex Steroid Effects at Target Tissues: Mechanisms of Action","volume":"31","author":"Wierman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Physiol Educ"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2007-0022","article-title":"Extranuclear Steroid Receptors: Nature and Actions","volume":"28","author":"Hammes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801403","article-title":"An Inconvenient Variable: Sex Hormones and Their Impact on T Cell Responses","volume":"202","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604000","article-title":"Sexual Dimorphism in Innate Immunity: The Role of Sex Hormones and Epigenetics","volume":"11","author":"Shepherd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2015.01.018","article-title":"Estrogen Receptors Regulate Innate Immune Cells and Signaling Pathways","volume":"294","author":"Kovats","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002149","article-title":"Elevated 17beta-Estradiol Protects Females From Influenza A Virus Pathogenesis by Suppressing Inflammatory Responses","volume":"7","author":"Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.221","article-title":"IGF2 Stimulates Fetal Growth in a Sex- and Organ-Dependent Manner","volume":"83","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm20208","article-title":"Roles of Sex Hormones and Gender in the Gut Microbiota","volume":"27","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-018-0185-z","article-title":"The X Chromosome and Sex-Specific Effects in Infectious Disease Susceptibility","volume":"13","author":"Schurz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Genomics"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-015-0024-z","article-title":"Y Genetic Variation and Phenotypic Diversity in Health and Disease","volume":"6","author":"Case","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2016.03.007","article-title":"Escape Artists of the X Chromosome","volume":"32","author":"Balaton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002710","article-title":"CD200 Receptor Controls Sex-Specific TLR7 Responses to Viral Infection","volume":"8","author":"Karnam","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.111.001610","article-title":"Chromosome Y Regulates Survival Following Murine Coxsackievirus B3 Infection","volume":"2","author":"Case","year":"2012","journal-title":"G3 (Bethesda)"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620889114","article-title":"Genetic Variation in Chromosome Y Regulates Susceptibility to Influenza A Virus Infection","volume":"114","author":"Krementsov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/163.3.1041","article-title":"Sex-Specific Quantitative Trait Loci Govern Susceptibility to Theiler\u2019s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Demyelination","volume":"163","author":"Butterfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.69.11.6958-6964.1995","article-title":"Chromosome Mapping of Rmp-4, A Gonad-Dependent Gene Encoding Host Resistance to Mousepox","volume":"69","author":"Brownstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103320","article-title":"Mapping of Clinical and Expression Quantitative Trait Loci in a Sex-Dependent Effect of Host Susceptibility to Mouse-Adapted Influenza H3N2\/HK\/1\/68","volume":"188","author":"Boivin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.77.21.11661-11673.2003","article-title":"A Locus on Mouse Chromosome 6 That Determines Resistance to Herpes Simplex Virus Also Influences Reactivation, While an Unlinked Locus Augments Resistance of Female Mice","volume":"77","author":"Lundberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aas9292","article-title":"Lrrk2 Alleles Modulate Inflammation During Microbial Infection of Mice in a Sex-Dependent Manner","volume":"11","author":"Shutinoski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364450","article-title":"Genetic Control of Susceptibility to Pulmonary Infection With Chlamydia Pneumoniae in the Mouse","volume":"9","author":"Min-Oo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01083","article-title":"Novel Loci Controlling Parasite Load in Organs of Mice Infected With Leishmania Major, Their Interactions and Sex Influence","volume":"10","author":"Kobets","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-016-0117-3","article-title":"Gene-Specific Sex Effects on Eosinophil Infiltration in Leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Slapni\u010dkov\u00e1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000930","article-title":"BALB\/c Mice Deficient in CD4 T Cell IL-4r\u03b1 Expression Control Leishmania Mexicana Load Although Female But Not Male Mice Develop a Healer Phenotype","volume":"5","author":"Bryson","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001173","article-title":"Genetic Control of Resistance to Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei Infection in Mice","volume":"5","author":"\u0160\u00edma","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2008.48","article-title":"Sex Differences in the Genetic Architecture of Susceptibility to Cryptococcus Neoformans Pulmonary Infection","volume":"9","author":"Carroll","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-193","article-title":"Sex-Dependent Genetic Effects on Immune Responses to a Parasitic Nematode","volume":"15","author":"Hayes","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0083-1","article-title":"The Role of Sex in the Genomics of Human Complex Traits","volume":"20","author":"Khramtsova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49969-7_","article-title":"LRRK2 and the Immune System","volume":"14","author":"Dzamko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Neurobiol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21229","article-title":"Interleukin-9 Polymorphism in Infants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: An Opposite Effect in Boys and Girls","volume":"45","author":"Schuurhof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14017","article-title":"A Mast Cell-ILC2-Th9 Pathway Promotes Lung Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Moretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B118","unstructured":"Pseudoautosomal Regions | HUGO Gene Nomenclature \u2026 Par2"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/6.1.1","article-title":"The IL-9 Receptor Gene, Located in the Xq\/Yq Pseudoautosomal Region, Has an Autosomal Origin, Escapes X Inactivation and Is Expressed From the Y","volume":"6","author":"Vermeesch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001435","article-title":"Sex Specific Gene Regulation and Expression QTLs in Mouse Macrophages From a Strain Intercross","volume":"3","author":"Bhasin","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2415","article-title":"Sex-Specific Genetic Architecture of Human Disease","volume":"9","author":"Ober","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.712688\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T01:55:28Z","timestamp":1634176528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.712688\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"references-count":121,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.712688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.712688","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"article-number":"712688"}}