{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:46:26Z","timestamp":1792640786078,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parasitic nematodes such as hookworms actively penetrate the skin of their hosts, encountering skin-resident innate immune cells that represent the host\u00b4s first line of defense. Here we use<jats:italic>Strongyloides ratti<\/jats:italic>as a model for an intestinal helminth parasite with tissue migrating stages. We show that interception and killing of migrating larvae in mice during a 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>infection occurred predominantly in skin and muscle tissue before larvae migrated<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>lung and head tissue to the intestine. Inhibition of larval migration was even more efficient in immune mice during a 2<jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup>infection where larvae barely left the site of entry i.e. the foot. Using cell-deficient mice we show that interception in the tissue was predominantly mediated by neutrophils and eosinophils while basophils and mast cells were dispensable<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Likewise, neutrophils and eosinophils inhibited<jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic>L3 motility<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>in the context of ETosis. Thereby eosinophils were strictly dependent on the presence of anti-<jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic>antibodies while neutrophils inhibited L3 motility as such. Also, MPO and MMP-9 were released by neutrophils in response to L3 alone, but immune plasma further stimulated MPO release in an antibody-dependent manner. In summary, our findings highlight the central role of the skin as first line of defense against helminth parasites in both, innate and adaptive immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.715766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T10:10:19Z","timestamp":1628763019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Eosinophils and Neutrophils Eliminate Migrating Strongyloides ratti Larvae at the Site of Infection in the Context of Extracellular DNA Trap 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