{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T23:58:53Z","timestamp":1767830333661,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Little is known about the real-time cause-effect relations between IL-6 concentrations and SLE symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 52-year-old woman with mild SLE activity collected her entire urine for the determination of IL-6\/creatinine and protein\/creatinine levels (ELISA, HPLC) for a period of 56 days in 12 h intervals (total: 112 measurements). Additionally, she answered questionnaires (VAS) on oral ulceration, facial rash, joint pain, fatigue and tiredness and measured her temperature orally twice a day. Time-series analyses consisted of ARIMA modeling and cross-correlational analyses (one lag = 12 h, significance level = <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Statistical analyses showed that increased urinary IL-6 concentrations preceded increased urinary protein levels by 36\u201348 h (lag3: r=+.225; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=.017) and that, in the opposite direction of effect, increased urinary protein preceded urinary IL-6 decreases by 12\u201324 h (lag1: r=\u2013.322; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;.001). Moreover, urinary IL-6 increases co-occurred with increased oral ulceration (lag0: r=+.186; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=.049); after 48\u201360 h, however, IL-6 increases showed a strong tendency to precede oral ulceration decreases (lag4: r=\u2013.170; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=.072). Increases in facial rash preceded decreases in urinary IL-6 after 84\u201396 h (lag7: r=\u2013.215; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=.023). As to fatigue, increases in urinary IL-6 co-occurred with decreased fatigue (lag0: r=\u2013.193; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=.042); after 84\u201396 h, however, IL-6 increases preceded fatigue increases (+lag7: <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>=+.189; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=.046). Finally, joint pain, tiredness and body temperature did not significantly correlate with urinary IL-6 concentrations in either direction of effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this evaluation point to real-life feedback mechanisms between immune activity and SLE symptoms. Comparison with a previous evaluation of this patient suggests a counterregulatory mechanism between Th1 activity and IL-6. These findings are preliminary and require replication to draw firm conclusions about the real-time relation between IL-6 and SLE disease activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.718838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T09:04:30Z","timestamp":1639731870000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Real-Life Cause-Effect Relations Between Urinary IL-6 Levels and Specific and Nonspecific Symptoms in a Patient With Mild SLE Disease Activity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Schubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lennart","family":"Seizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emil","family":"Chamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Sepp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco 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