{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T19:43:53Z","timestamp":1787859833800,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breast milk leukocytes may play a role in protecting the infant from pathogens. The dynamics and the role of lymphocytes in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-seropositive mothers shedding HCMV into breast milk during the first months postpartum (p.p.) are mostly unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breast milk cells were analyzed by Pappenheim panoptic and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase staining as well as by imaging and polychromatic flow cytometry to simultaneously establish their morphological and phenotypic properties. The latter were characterized in HCMV-seropositive and seronegative mothers\u00b4 breast milk cells at different time points p.p.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Panoptic staining of breast milk cells revealed the presence of monocytes\/macrophages, granulocytes and lymphocytes. Imaging flow cytometry data combining phenotypic and morphological analysis identified NKT-like cells, NK cells, epithelial cells, T cells and monocytes\/macrophages. HCMV-seropositive but not -seronegative mothers had significantly higher T cell frequencies in mature milk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The presence of lymphocyte subsets in breast milk may be more influenced by the HCMV-seropositivity of the mother than previously recognized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.723010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T07:42:26Z","timestamp":1631173346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Immunomonitoring of Human Breast Milk Cells During 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