{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T23:17:37Z","timestamp":1773875857638,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Owing to broad and notable clinical anti-tumor activity, anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)\/anti-programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies have been indicated for almost all types of cancer, and form a part of the current standard of care. However, a large proportion of patients do not respond to anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 therapy (primary resistance), and responders often develop progressive disease (acquired resistance). The mechanisms of resistance are complex and largely unknown; therefore, overcoming resistance remains clinically challenging, and data on reversing anti-PD-1 resistance are scarce. Herein, we report the case of a 58-year-old woman with renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation\/transcription factor E3 gene fusion, who had already showed resistance to both anti-PD-1 monotherapy and standard-dose axitinib. However, she finally achieved a partial response with a continuous combination therapy comprising low-dose axitinib and anti-PD-1. We speculate that axitinib played a key role in reversing the primary resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy. Interestingly, we observed that the number of peripheral regulatory T cells increased after the standard-dose axitinib therapy, with accompanied tumor enlargement; however, after the dose was reduced, the number of regulatory T cells decreased gradually, and the tumor regressed. We also reviewed relevant literature, which supported the fact that low-dose axitinib might be more beneficial than standard-dose axitinib in assisting immunotherapy. Given that this is a single-case report, the immunomodulatory effect of axitinib requires further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.728750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T07:46:46Z","timestamp":1635234406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Axitinib Reverses Resistance to Anti-Programmed Cell Death-1 Therapy in a Patient With Renal Cell 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