{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:13:06Z","timestamp":1790172786368,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003500","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Air pollution is a risk factor for respiratory infections and asthma exacerbations. We previously reported impaired Type-I and Type-III interferons (IFN-\u03b2\/\u03bb) from airway epithelial cells of preschool children with asthma and\/or atopy. In this study we analyzed the association between rhinovirus-induced IFN-\u03b2\/\u03bb epithelial expression and acute exposure to the principal outdoor air pollutants in the same cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied 34 children (17asthmatics\/17non-asthmatics) undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy for clinical indications. Bronchial epithelial cells were harvested by brushing, cultured and experimentally infected with Rhinovirus Type 16 (RV16). RV16-induced IFN-\u03b2 and \u03bb expression was measured by quantitative real time PCR, as was RV16vRNA. The association between IFNs and the mean exposure to PM10, SO2 and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in the day preceding bronchoscopy was evaluated using a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with Gamma distribution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute exposure to PM10 and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was negatively associated to RV16-induced IFN\u03b2 mRNA. For each increase of 1ug\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> of NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> we found a significative decrease of 2.3x10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> IFN-\u03b2 mRNA copies and for each increase of 1ug\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> of PM10 a significative decrease of 1x10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> IFN-\u03b2 mRNA copies. No significant associations were detected between IFN-\u03bb mRNA and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> nor PM10. Increasing levels of NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (but not PM10) were found to be associated to increased RV16 replication.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Short-term exposure to high levels of NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and PM10 is associated to a reduced IFN-\u03b2 expression by the airway epithelium, which may lead to increased viral replication. These findings suggest a potential mechanism underlying the link between air pollution, viral infections and asthma exacerbations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.731968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T01:17:28Z","timestamp":1638407848000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Air Pollution Exposure Impairs Airway Epithelium IFN-\u03b2 Expression in Pre-School Children"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bonato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Turrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Bazzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Baraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Saetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Gregori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Papi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Contoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simonetta","family":"Baraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60617-6","article-title":"Outdoor Air Pollution and Asthma","volume":"383","author":"Guarnieri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13582-9","article-title":"Personal Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and the Severity of Virus-Induced Asthma in Children","volume":"361","author":"Chauhan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.08.005","article-title":"Deficient Antiviral Immune Responses in Childhood: Distinct Roles of Atopy and Asthma","volume":"130","author":"Baraldo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201706-1249LE","article-title":"Deficient Immune Response to Viral Infections in Children Predicts Later Asthma Persistence","volume":"197","author":"Baraldo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201503-0474ST","article-title":"Official American Thoracic Society Technical Standards: Flexible Airway Endoscopy in Children","volume":"191","author":"Faro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Directive 2008\/50\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe","volume-title":"Off J Eur Union","year":"2008"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6017","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176017","article-title":"Iliceto S Daily Exposure to Air Pollution Particulate Matter Is Associated With Atrial Fibrillation in High-Risk Patients","volume":"17","author":"Gallo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"Air Quality Guidelines. 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