{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T11:48:40Z","timestamp":1792496920191,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) are retroviruses that replicate effectively in human CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells and cause the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). On the other hand, type 1 long interspersed elements (LINE-1s or L1s) are the only active retroelements that can replicate autonomously in human cells. They, along with other active yet nonautonomous retroelements, have been associated with autoimmune diseases. There are many similarities between HIV and LINE-1. Being derived (or evolved) from ancient retroviruses, both HIV and LINE-1 replicate through a process termed reverse transcription, activate endogenous DNA and RNA sensors, trigger innate immune activation to promote interferon (IFN) expression, and are suppressed by protein products of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, these similarities make it difficult to decipher or even speculate the relationship between HIV and LINE-1, especially regarding the involvement of the IFN signaling system. In this review, we summarize previous findings on the relationships between HIV and innate immune activation as well as between LINE-1 and IFN upregulation. We also attempt to elucidate the interplay among HIV, LINE-1, and the IFN signaling system in hopes of guiding future research directions for viral suppression and immune regulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.732775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T01:26:01Z","timestamp":1631150761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Interplay Among HIV, LINE-1, and the Interferon Signaling System"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pujun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.606489","article-title":"The Role of Structure in the Biology of Interferon Signaling","volume":"11","author":"Walter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.06.020","article-title":"Post-Translational Modification Control of Innate Immunity","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.025","article-title":"Shared and Distinct Functions of Type I and Type III Interferons","volume":"50","author":"Lazear","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09907","article-title":"A Diverse Range of Gene Products Are Effectors of the Type I Interferon Antiviral Response","volume":"472","author":"Schoggins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120231","article-title":"Interferon-Stimulated Genes: A Complex Web of Host Defenses","volume":"32","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-092818-015756","article-title":"Interferon-Stimulated Genes: What Do They All Do","volume":"6","author":"Schoggins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020117-043952","article-title":"Type I Interferons in Autoimmune Disease","volume":"14","author":"Crow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3109\/08916930903374865","article-title":"Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements (LINE-1): Potential Triggers of Systemic Autoimmune Disease","volume":"43","author":"Crow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2872","article-title":"The Enemy Within: Endogenous Retroelements and Autoimmune Disease","volume":"15","author":"Volkman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13100-016-0070-z","article-title":"Restricting Retrotransposons: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Goodier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mob DNA"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.35.102401.091032","article-title":"Biology of Mammalian L1 Retrotransposons","volume":"35","author":"Ostertag","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6189183","article-title":"Isolation of a T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus From a Patient at Risk for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)","volume":"220","author":"Barre-Sinoussi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6601823","article-title":"Isolation of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)","volume":"220","author":"Gallo","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2747","article-title":"The Structural Biology of HIV-1: Mechanistic and Therapeutic Insights","volume":"10","author":"Engelman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.19.6502","article-title":"Location of Cis-Acting Regulatory Sequences in the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type I Long Terminal Repeat","volume":"82","author":"Rosen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90017-6","article-title":"The Trans-Activator Gene of the Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type III Is Required for Replication","volume":"44","author":"Dayton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/320367a0","article-title":"The Trans-Activator Gene of HTLV-III Is Essential for Virus Replication","volume":"320","author":"Fisher","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/321412a0","article-title":"A Second Post-Transcriptional Trans-Activator Gene Required for HTLV-III Replication","volume":"321","author":"Sodroski","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.10.008","article-title":"An Unusual Topological Structure of the HIV-1 Rev Response Element","volume":"155","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3014663","article-title":"Infectious Mutants of HTLV-III With Changes in the 3\u2019 Region and Markedly Reduced Cytopathic Effects","volume":"233","author":"Fisher","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.63.7.3205-3208.1989","article-title":"Viral Protein R of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Types 1 and 2 Is Dispensable for Replication and Cytopathogenicity in Lymphoid Cells","volume":"63","author":"Dedera","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.67.3.1663-1666.1993","article-title":"Cell-Dependent Requirement of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif Protein for Maturation of Virus Particles","volume":"67","author":"Sakai","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00939","article-title":"Isolation of a Human Gene That Inhibits HIV-1 Infection and Is Suppressed by the Viral Vif Protein","volume":"418","author":"Sheehy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(03)00515-4","article-title":"Species-Specific Exclusion of APOBEC3G From HIV-1 Virions by Vif","volume":"114","author":"Mariani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm946","article-title":"HIV-1 Vif Protein Binds the Editing Enzyme APOBEC3G and Induces Its Degradation","volume":"9","author":"Marin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm945","article-title":"The Antiretroviral Enzyme APOBEC3G Is Degraded by the Proteasome in Response to HIV-1 Vif","volume":"9","author":"Sheehy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089591","article-title":"Induction of APOBEC3G Ubiquitination and Degradation by an HIV-1 Vif-Cul5-SCF Complex","volume":"302","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020039","article-title":"HIV-1 Vpu Promotes Release and Prevents Endocytosis of Nascent Retrovirus Particles From the Plasma Membrane","volume":"2","author":"Neil","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10195","article-title":"Vpx Relieves Inhibition of HIV-1 Infection of Macrophages Mediated by the SAMHD1 Protein","volume":"474","author":"Hrecka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10117","article-title":"SAMHD1 Is the Dendritic- and Myeloid-Cell-Specific HIV-1 Restriction Factor Counteracted by Vpx","volume":"474","author":"Laguette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15399","article-title":"HIV-1 Nef Promotes Infection by Excluding SERINC5 From Virion Incorporation","volume":"526","author":"Rosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15400","article-title":"SERINC3 and SERINC5 Restrict HIV-1 Infectivity and Are Counteracted by Nef","volume":"526","author":"Usami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.004","article-title":"HIV-1 Nefs Are Cargo-Sensitive AP-1 Trimerization Switches in Tetherin Downregulation","volume":"174","author":"Morris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1489","article-title":"Retroviral Restriction by APOBEC Proteins","volume":"4","author":"Harris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00013","article-title":"TRIM5alpha and Species Tropism of HIV\/SIV","volume":"3","author":"Nakayama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12542","article-title":"Human MX2 Is an Interferon-Induced Post-Entry Inhibitor of HIV-1 Infection","volume":"502","author":"Goujon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12653","article-title":"MX2 Is an Interferon-Induced Inhibitor of HIV-1 Infection","volume":"502","author":"Kane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.08.015","article-title":"The Interferon-Inducible Mxb Protein Inhibits HIV-1 Infection","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000574","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000574","article-title":"HIV-1 Vpu Neutralizes the Antiviral Factor Tetherin\/BST-2 by Binding It and Directing Its Beta-TrCP2-Dependent Degradation","volume":"5","author":"Mangeat","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75680","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075680","article-title":"Expression of HIV-1 Vpu Leads to Loss of the Viral Restriction Factor Cd317\/Tetherin From Lipid Rafts and Its Enhanced Lysosomal Degradation","volume":"8","author":"Rollason","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0585-4","article-title":"HIV-2\/Siv Vpx Targets a Novel Functional Domain of Sting to Selectively Inhibit cGAS-Sting-Mediated Nf-Kappab Signalling","volume":"4","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04734","article-title":"Differential Roles of MDA5 and RIG-I Helicases in the Recognition of RNA Viruses","volume":"441","author":"Kato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01635-10","article-title":"RIG-I-Mediated Antiviral Signaling Is Inhibited in HIV-1 Infection by a Protease-Mediated Sequestration of RIG-I","volume":"85","author":"Solis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01342-19","article-title":"Isg15 Deficiency Enhances HIV-1 Infection by Accumulating Misfolded P53","volume":"10","author":"Osei Kuffour","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1941","article-title":"The Cytosolic Exonuclease TREX1 Inhibits the Innate Immune Response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.28.19655","article-title":"Identification and Expression of the TREX1 and TREX2 cDNA Sequences Encoding Mammalian 3\u2019\u2013>5\u2019 Exonucleases","volume":"274","author":"Mazur","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240933","article-title":"Cyclic Gmp-Amp Synthase Is an Innate Immune Sensor of HIV and Other Retroviruses","volume":"341","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232458","article-title":"Cyclic Gmp-Amp Synthase Is a Cytosolic DNA Sensor That Activates the Type I Interferon Pathway","volume":"339","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229963","article-title":"Cyclic Gmp-Amp Is an Endogenous Second Messenger in Innate Immune Signaling by Cytosolic DNA","volume":"339","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(03)00423-9","article-title":"DNA Deamination Mediates Innate Immunity to Retroviral Infection","volume":"113","author":"Harris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.014466","article-title":"HIV-Cell Membrane Fusion Intermediates Are Restricted by Serincs as Revealed by Cryo-Electron and TIRF Microscopy","volume":"295","author":"Ward","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c02699","article-title":"Super-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging Reveals That Serine Incorporator Protein 5 Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Fusion by Disrupting Envelope Glycoprotein Clusters","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.08.039","article-title":"Tetherin Inhibits HIV-1 Release by Directly Tethering Virions to Cells","volume":"139","author":"Perez-Caballero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06553","article-title":"Tetherin Inhibits Retrovirus Release and Is Antagonized by HIV-1 Vpu","volume":"451","author":"Neil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.03.001","article-title":"The Interferon-Induced Protein Bst-2 Restricts HIV-1 Release and Is Downregulated From the Cell Surface by the Viral Vpu Protein","volume":"3","author":"Van Damme","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2236","article-title":"SAMHD1 Restricts the Replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Depleting the Intracellular Pool of Deoxynucleoside Triphosphates","volume":"13","author":"Lahouassa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-9-105","article-title":"SAMHD1 Restricts HIV-1 Infection in Dendritic Cells (Dcs) by Dntp Depletion, But Its Expression in DCS and Primary CD4+ T-Lymphocytes Cannot Be Upregulated by Interferons","volume":"9","author":"St Gelais","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03575-14","article-title":"Degradation of SAMHD1 by Vpx Is Independent of Uncoating","volume":"89","author":"Jauregui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-019-0343-6","article-title":"Structural Basis of Antagonism of Human Apobec3f by HIV-1 Vif","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.09.057","article-title":"HIV-1 Vif Triggers Cell Cycle Arrest by Degrading Cellular PPP2R5 Phospho-Regulators","volume":"29","author":"Salamango","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410150109","article-title":"A Progressive Familial Encephalopathy in Infancy With Calcifications of the Basal Ganglia and Chronic Cerebrospinal Fluid Lymphocytosis","volume":"15","author":"Aicardi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3850","article-title":"Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome and the Type I Interferonopathies","volume":"15","author":"Crow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1845","article-title":"Mutations in the Gene Encoding the 3\u2019-5\u2019 DNA Exonuclease TREX1 Cause Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome at the Ags1 Locus","volume":"38","author":"Crow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.10.017","article-title":"TREX1 Exonuclease Degrades ssDNA to Prevent Chronic Checkpoint Activation and Autoimmune Disease","volume":"131","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.06.032","article-title":"TREX1 Prevents Cell-Intrinsic Initiation of Autoimmunity","volume":"134","author":"Stetson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1842","article-title":"Mutations in Genes Encoding Ribonuclease H2 Subunits Cause Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome and Mimic Congenital Viral Brain Infection","volume":"38","author":"Crow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.373","article-title":"Mutations Involved in Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome Implicate SAMHD1 as Regulator of the Innate Immune Response","volume":"41","author":"Rice","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2414","article-title":"Mutations in Adar1 Cause Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome Associated With a Type I Interferon Signature","volume":"44","author":"Rice","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2933","article-title":"Gain-of-Function Mutations in IFIH1 Cause a Spectrum of Human Disease Phenotypes Associated With Upregulated Type I Interferon Signaling","volume":"46","author":"Rice","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.08.019","article-title":"Modulation of LINE-1 and Alu\/SVA Retrotransposition by Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome-Related SAMHD1","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw834","article-title":"Adar1 Restricts LINE-1 Retrotransposition","volume":"45","author":"Orecchini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201798506","article-title":"RNAse H2, Mutated in Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome, Promotes LINE-1 Retrotransposition","volume":"37","author":"Benitez-Guijarro","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1312","article-title":"Interplay Between RNASEH2 and MOV10 Controls LINE-1 Retrotransposition","volume":"46","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/8.24.6113","article-title":"A Family of Long Reiterated DNA Sequences, One Copy of Which Is Next to the Human Beta Globin Gene","volume":"8","author":"Adams","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02042.x","article-title":"Defining the Beginning and End of Kpni Family Segments","volume":"3","author":"Grimaldi","year":"1984","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt512","article-title":"Mapping the LINE1 ORF1 Protein Interactome Reveals Associated Inhibitors of Human Retrotransposition","volume":"41","author":"Goodier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.10.021","article-title":"Affinity Proteomics Reveals Human Host Factors Implicated in Discrete Stages of LINE-1 Retrotransposition","volume":"155","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1722352","article-title":"Reverse Transcriptase Encoded by a Human Transposable Element","volume":"254","author":"Mathias","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(00)81997-2","article-title":"Human L1 Retrotransposon Encodes a Conserved Endonuclease Required for Retrotransposition","volume":"87","author":"Feng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.09.025","article-title":"Primate-Specific ORF0 Contributes to Retrotransposon-Mediated Diversity","volume":"163","author":"Denli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400737","article-title":"TREX1 Deficiency Triggers Cell-Autonomous Immunity in a cGAS-Dependent Manner","volume":"192","author":"Ablasser","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500969","article-title":"Cutting Edge: cGAS Is Required for Lethal Autoimmune Disease in the TREX1-Deficient Mouse Model of Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome","volume":"195","author":"Gray","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2867-6-13","article-title":"Human LINE-1 Retrotransposon Induces DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Cancer Cells","volume":"6","author":"Belgnaoui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.01.089","article-title":"The Human LINE-1 Retrotransposon Creates DNA Double-Strand Breaks","volume":"357","author":"Gasior","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0050-1","article-title":"SAMHD1 Acts at Stalled Replication Forks to Prevent Interferon Induction","volume":"557","author":"Coquel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39795","article-title":"Expression of Long Interspersed Nuclear Element 1 Retroelements and Induction of Type I Interferon in Patients With Systemic Autoimmune Disease","volume":"68","author":"Mavragani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39794","article-title":"Editorial: Lineing Up to Boost Interferon Production: Activation of Endogenous Retroviral DNA in Autoimmunity","volume":"68","author":"Perl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0784-9","article-title":"L1 Drives IFN in Senescent Cells and Promotes Age-Associated Inflammation","volume":"566","author":"De Cecco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1701568","article-title":"Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication by a Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor","volume":"250","author":"Merluzzi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709113371102","article-title":"Treatment With Indinavir, Zidovudine, and Lamivudine in Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Prior Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"337","author":"Gulick","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709113371101","article-title":"A Controlled Trial of Two Nucleoside Analogues Plus Indinavir in Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and CD4 Cell Counts of 200 Per Cubic Millimeter or Less. Aids Clinical Trials Group 320 Study Team","volume":"337","author":"Hammer","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1547","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001547","article-title":"Nucleoside Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Differentially Inhibit Human LINE-1 Retrotransposition","volume":"3","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-8-91","article-title":"An Autoimmune Disease Prevented by Anti-Retroviral Drugs","volume":"8","author":"Beck-Engeser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1261754","article-title":"Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Possess Intrinsic Anti-Inflammatory Activity","volume":"346","author":"Fowler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx178","article-title":"Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome Protein TREX1 Suppresses L1 and Maintains Genome Integrity Through Exonuclease-Independent ORF1p Depletion","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.05.015","article-title":"Characterization of Molecular Attributes That Influence LINE-1 Restriction by All Seven Human Apobec3 Proteins","volume":"520","author":"Renner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002941","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002941","article-title":"MOV10 RNA Helicase Is a Potent Inhibitor of Retrotransposition in Cells","volume":"8","author":"Goodier","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.465856","article-title":"The MOV10 Helicase Inhibits LINE-1 Mobility","volume":"288","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005367","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005367","article-title":"SAMHD1 Inhibits LINE-1 Retrotransposition by Promoting Stress Granule Formation","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922366117","article-title":"Human TRIM5alpha Senses and Restricts LINE-1 Elements","volume":"117","author":"Volkmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005252","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005252","article-title":"The Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Protein ZAP Restricts Human Retrotransposition","volume":"11","author":"Goodier","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005121","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005121","article-title":"The Zinc-Finger Antiviral Protein ZAP Inhibits LINE and Alu Retrotransposition","volume":"11","author":"Moldovan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3291","article-title":"DNA Tumor Virus Oncogenes Antagonize the cGAS-Sting DNA-Sensing Pathway","volume":"350","author":"Lau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.02.007","article-title":"Line1 Contributes to Autoimmunity Through Both RIG-I- and MDA5-Mediated RNA Sensing Pathways","volume":"90","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/35057062","article-title":"Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome","volume":"409","author":"Lander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0831042100","article-title":"Hot L1s Account for the Bulk of Retrotransposition in the Human Population","volume":"100","author":"Brouha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074276","article-title":"Inhibition of Retroviral RNA Production by ZAP, a CCCH-Type Zinc Finger Protein","volume":"297","author":"Gao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1101676108","article-title":"Zinc-Finger Antiviral Protein Inhibits HIV-1 Infection by Selectively Targeting Multiply Spliced Viral mRNAs for Degradation","volume":"108","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00585-10","article-title":"P Body-Associated Protein MOV10 Inhibits HIV-1 Replication at Multiple Stages","volume":"84","author":"Burdick","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9081","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009081","article-title":"Perturbation of the P-Body Component MOV10 Inhibits HIV-1 Infectivity","volume":"5","author":"Furtak","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.109314","article-title":"Moloney Leukemia Virus 10 (MOV10) Protein Inhibits Retrovirus Replication","volume":"285","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10409238.2021.1893640","article-title":"HIV Suppressors Against LINE-1: One Functions as Two","volume":"56","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.08.155","article-title":"Defective Modulation of LINE-1 Retrotransposition by Cancer-Associated SAMHD1 Mutants","volume":"519","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky688","article-title":"HIV-1 Vpr and P21 Restrict LINE-1 Mobility","volume":"46","author":"Kawano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02257-13","article-title":"LINE-1 Retrotransposable Element DNA Accumulates in HIV-1-Infected Cells","volume":"87","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02175-6_1","article-title":"Host Restriction of HIV-1 by APOBEC3 and Viral Evasion Through Vif","volume":"339","author":"Niewiadomska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.7.5579-5592.1997","article-title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Induces Apoptosis Following Cell Cycle Arrest","volume":"71","author":"Stewart","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0198-065","article-title":"HIV-1 Vpr Increases Viral Expression by Manipulation of the Cell Cycle: A Mechanism for Selection of Vpr in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Goh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.23.10873","article-title":"Serum Vpr Regulates Productive Infection and Latency of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1","volume":"91","author":"Levy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-83","article-title":"Viral Protein R of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Induces Retrotransposition of Long Interspersed Element-1","volume":"10","author":"Iijima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12266","article-title":"Viral Protein R of HIV Type-1 Induces Retrotransposition and Upregulates Glutamate Synthesis by the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 Signaling Pathway","volume":"59","author":"Doi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00424-12","article-title":"Vpu-Deficient HIV Strains Stimulate Innate Immune Signaling Responses in Target Cells","volume":"86","author":"Doehle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2019.04.010","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Specific Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors for Mammalian LINE-1 Retrotransposons","volume":"26","author":"Banuelos-Sanchez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Chem Biol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.732775\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T01:26:04Z","timestamp":1631150764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.732775\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"references-count":123,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.732775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.732775","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"article-number":"732775"}}