{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T00:05:54Z","timestamp":1793664354259,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe innate immune suppression, termed immunoparalysis, is associated with increased risks of nosocomial infection and mortality in children with septic shock. Currently, immunoparalysis cannot be clinically diagnosed in children, and mechanisms remain unclear. Transcriptomic studies identify subsets of septic children with downregulation of genes within adaptive immune pathways, but assays of immune function have not been performed as part of these studies, and little is known about transcriptomic profiles of children with immunoparalysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a nested case-control study to identify differences in RNA expression patterns between children with septic shock with immunoparalysis (defined as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)\u03b1 response &amp;lt; 200 pg\/ml) <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> those with normal LPS-induced TNF\u03b1 response. Children were enrolled within 48 hours of the onset of septic shock and divided into two groups based on LPS-induced TNF\u03b1 response. RNA was extracted from whole blood for RNAseq, differential expression analyses using DESeq2 software, and pathway analyses using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>32 children were included in analyses. Comparing those with immunoparalysis (n =19) to those with normal TNF\u03b1 response (n = 13), 2,303 transcripts were differentially expressed with absolute value fold change \u2265 1.5 and false discovery rate \u2264 0.05. The majority of downregulated pathways in children with immunoparalysis were pathways that involved interactions between innate and adaptive immune cells necessary for cell-mediated immunity, crosstalk between dendritic cells and natural killer cells, and natural killer cell signaling pathways. Upregulated pathways included those involved in humoral immunity (T helper cell type 2), corticotropin signaling, platelet activation (GP6 signaling), and leukocyte migration and extravasation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study suggests that gene expression data might be useful to identify children with immunoparalysis and identifies several key differentially regulated pathways involved in both innate and adaptive immunity. Our ongoing work in this area aims to dissect interactions between innate and adaptive immunity in septic children and to more fully elucidate patient-specific immunologic pathophysiology to guide individualized immunotherapeutic targets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.733834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T12:50:26Z","timestamp":1633092626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Transcriptomic Profiles in Children With Septic Shock With or Without 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