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The aim of our review was to evaluate the existing literature data on patients with hematological malignancies, with regard to the effect of immunodeficiency on the outcome, the clinical and therapeutic approach, and on the onset of noninfectious complications, including thrombosis, pleural effusion, and orofacial complications. Immunodeficiency in these patients has an intense impact on their risk of infection, in turn increasing morbidity and mortality even years after treatment completion. However, these patients with increased risk of severe infectious diseases could be treated with adequate vaccination coverage, but the vaccines\u2019 administration can be associated with a decreased immune response and an augmented risk of adverse reactions. Probably, immunogenicity of the inactivated is analogous to that of healthy subjects at the moment of vaccination, but it undertakes a gradual weakening over time. However, the dispensation of live attenuated viral vaccines is controversial because of the risk of the activation of vaccine viruses. A particular immunization schedule should be employed according to the clinical and immunological condition of each of these patients to guarantee a constant immune response without any risks to the patients\u2019 health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.738915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T06:54:05Z","timestamp":1635144845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Secondary Immunodeficiency in Hematological Malignancies: Focus on Multiple Myeloma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Allegra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Tonacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Musolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Pioggia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Gangemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210991","article-title":"Colonization With Multidrug Resistant Organisms Determines the Clinical Course of Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia Undergoing Intensive Induction Chemotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Ballo","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14961","article-title":"Medical Algorithm: Diagnosis and Management of Antibody Immunodeficiencies","volume":"26","author":"\u0160ediv\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.08.040","article-title":"Secondary Immunodeficiencies, Including HIV Infection","volume":"125","author":"Chinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13092225","article-title":"Effects of Chemotherapy Agents on Circulating Leukocyte Populations: Potential Implications for the Success of CAR-T Cell Therapies","volume":"13","author":"Truong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00586","article-title":"ID-Signal Onco-Haematology Group. 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