{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T13:56:53Z","timestamp":1780927013778,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Limited data from clinical trials in multiple sclerosis (MS) reported that minocycline, a widely used antibiotic belonging to the family of tetracyclines (TCs), exerts a beneficial short-lived clinical effect A similar anti-inflammatory effect of minocycline attributed to a deviation from Th1 to Th2 immune response has been reported in experimental models of MS. Whether such an immunomodulatory mechanism is operated in the human disease remains largely unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> immunomodulatory effect of tetracyclines, and in particular minocycline and doxycycline, in na\u00efve and treated patients with MS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 45 individuals (35 MS patients, amongst which 15 na\u00efve patients and 10 healthy controls, HCs) were cultured with minocycline or doxycycline and conventional stimulants (PMA\/Ionomycin or IL-12\/IL-18). IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17 producing T-, NK- and NKT cells were assessed by flow cytometry. The effect of TCs on cell viability and apoptosis was further assessed by flow cytometry with Annexin V staining.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both tetracyclines significantly decreased, in a dose dependent manner, IFN-\u03b3 production in NKT and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T lymphocytes from MS patients (na\u00efve or treated) stimulated with IL-12\/IL-18 but did not decrease IFN-\u03b3 producing CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells from naive MS or treated RRMS patients. They also decreased IL-17<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T and NKT cells following PMA and Ionomycin-stimulation. Tetracyclines did not affect the viability of cell subsets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tetracyclines can <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> suppress IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17- producing cells from MS patients, and this may explain their potential therapeutic effect <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.739186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T08:26:48Z","timestamp":1638347208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Tetracyclines Diminish In Vitro IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17-Producing Adaptive and Innate Immune Cells in Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Despoina 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