{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T12:56:01Z","timestamp":1793451361894,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":214,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis is endemic to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and is transmitted by the bite of an infected sand fly. The multifaceted interactions between<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>, the host innate immune cells, and the adaptive immunity determine the severity of pathogenesis and disease development.<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>parasites establish a chronic infection by subversion and attenuation of the microbicidal functions of phagocytic innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Other innate cells such as inflammatory monocytes, mast cells and NK cells, also contribute to resistance and\/or susceptibility to<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>infection. In addition to the cytokine\/chemokine signals from the innate immune cells, recent studies identified the subtle shifts in the metabolic pathways of the innate cells that activate distinct immune signal cascades. The nexus between metabolic pathways, epigenetic reprogramming and the immune signaling cascades that drive the divergent innate immune responses, remains to be fully understood in<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>pathogenesis. Further, development of safe and efficacious vaccines against Leishmaniasis requires a broader understanding of the early interactions between the parasites and innate immune cells. In this review we focus on the current understanding of the specific role of innate immune cells, the metabolomic and epigenetic reprogramming and immune regulation that occurs during visceral leishmaniasis, and the strategies used by the parasite to evade and modulate host immunity. We highlight how such pathways could be exploited in the development of safe and efficacious<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.748325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T17:46:38Z","timestamp":1634147198000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Determinants of Innate Immunity in Visceral Leishmaniasis and Their Implication in Vaccine Development"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Greta","family":"Volpedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thalia","family":"Pacheco-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parna","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timur","family":"Oljuskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranadhir","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sreenivas","family":"Gannavaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhay R.","family":"Satoskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hira L.","family":"Nakhasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2608","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: Complexity at the Host-Pathogen Interface","volume":"9","author":"Kaye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: Current Situation and New Perspectives","volume":"27","author":"Desjeux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0341","article-title":"Evaluation of Ex Vivo Human Immune Response Against Candidate Antigens for a Visceral Leishmaniasis Vaccine","volume":"82","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631460","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/631460","article-title":"Immunity to Visceral Leishmaniasis Using Genetically Defined Live-Attenuated Parasites","volume":"2012","author":"Selvapandiyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12484","article-title":"Innate Immunity Against Leishmania Infections","volume":"17","author":"Gurung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxx075","article-title":"How to Master the Host Immune System? Leishmania Parasites Have the Solutions","volume":"30","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02505.x","article-title":"Mast Cells at the Host-Pathogen Interface: Host-Protection Versus Immune Evasion in Leishmaniasis","volume":"137","author":"Saha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.7.4355","article-title":"Modulation of Dendritic Cell Function by Leishmania Parasites","volume":"180","author":"Soong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00083","article-title":"The Early Interaction of Leishmania With Macrophages and Dendritic Cells and Its Influence on the Host Immune Response","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00883","article-title":"Leishmania Hijacks Myeloid Cells for Immune Escape","volume":"9","author":"Martinez-Lopez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7592-1_2","article-title":"Metabolomics in Immunology Research","volume":"1730","author":"Everts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120236","article-title":"Metabolic Regulation of Immune Responses","volume":"32","author":"Ganeshan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12394","article-title":"Immunometabolism of Leishmania Granulomas","volume":"98","author":"Saunders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.6724.1","article-title":"Leishmania Carbon Metabolism in the Macrophage Phagolysosome- Feast or Famine","volume":"4","author":"McConville","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00059","article-title":"The Influence of Early Neutrophil-Leishmania Interactions on the Host Immune Response to Infection","volume":"2","author":"Ribeiro-Gomes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12674","article-title":"Permissive and Protective Roles for Neutrophils in Leishmaniasis","volume":"182","author":"Carlsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.125302","article-title":"Selective Fusion of Azurophilic Granules With Leishmania-Containing Phagosomes in Human Neutrophils","volume":"285","author":"Mollinedo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000484","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000484","article-title":"Vector Transmission of Leishmania Abrogates Vaccine-Induced Protective Immunity","volume":"5","author":"Peters","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-259028","article-title":"In Vivo Labeling With 2H2O Reveals a Human Neutrophil Lifespan of 5.4 Days","volume":"116","author":"Pillay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0706440","article-title":"Leishmania Major Induces Distinct Neutrophil Phenotypes in Mice That Are Resistant or Susceptible to Infection","volume":"82","author":"Charmoy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900226106","article-title":"Leishmania Amazonensis Promastigotes Induce and Are Killed by Neutrophil Extracellular Traps","volume":"106","author":"Guimaraes-Costa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.02.003","article-title":"Different Leishmania Species Drive Distinct Neutrophil Functions","volume":"32","author":"Hurrell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201344195","article-title":"When Neutrophils Meet T Cells: Beginnings of a Tumultuous Relationship With Underappreciated Potential","volume":"44","author":"Kalyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.06.002","article-title":"Neutrophil Granules: A Library of Innate Immunity Proteins","volume":"28","author":"Borregaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20122183","article-title":"Neutrophils Control the Magnitude and Spread of the Immune Response in a Thromboxane A2-Mediated Process","volume":"210","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.632512","article-title":"Enhanced Glycolysis Is Required for Antileishmanial Functions of Neutrophils Upon Infection With","volume":"12","author":"Ohms","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3024","article-title":"Neutrophils in the Activation and Regulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity","volume":"11","author":"Mantovani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01388-07","article-title":"Neutrophils Contribute to Development of a Protective Immune Response During Onset of Infection With Leishmania Donovani","volume":"76","author":"McFarlane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.02.016","article-title":"Neutrophil Dysfunction Varies With the Stage of Canine Visceral Leishmaniosis","volume":"196","author":"Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.8.4177-4184.2002","article-title":"Leishmania Promastigotes Release a Granulocyte Chemotactic Factor and Induce Interleukin-8 Release But Inhibit Gamma Interferon-Inducible Protein 10 Production by Neutrophil Granulocytes","volume":"70","author":"van Zandbergen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3530-8","article-title":"Role of the Lipoxin A4 Receptor in the Development of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Leishmania Infantum Infection","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23002-5","article-title":"A Sand Fly Salivary Protein Acts as a Neutrophil Chemoattractant","volume":"12","author":"Guimaraes-Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0211105","article-title":"Lutzomyia Longipalpis Saliva Drives Apoptosis and Enhances Parasite Burden in Neutrophils","volume":"90","author":"Prates","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20122220","article-title":"Diverse Novel Functions of Neutrophils in Immunity, Inflammation, and Beyond","volume":"210","author":"Mocsai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000373923","article-title":"Interactions Between Neutrophils and Leishmania Braziliensis Amastigotes Facilitate Cell Activation and Parasite Clearance","volume":"7","author":"Carlsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.7.4454","article-title":"Macrophage Interactions With Neutrophils Regulate Leishmania Major Infection","volume":"172","author":"Ribeiro-Gomes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13815","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013815","article-title":"Neutrophils Reduce the Parasite Burden in Leishmania (Leishmania) Amazonensis-Infected Macrophages","volume":"5","author":"de Souza Carmo","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803720","article-title":"Neutrophils and Macrophages Cooperate in Host Resistance Against Leishmania Braziliensis Infection","volume":"183","author":"Novais","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0108018","article-title":"Interactions With Apoptotic But Not With Necrotic Neutrophils Increase Parasite Burden in Human Macrophages Infected With Leishmania Amazonensis","volume":"84","author":"Afonso","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30029","article-title":"Neutrophils and Visceral Leishmaniasis: Impact on Innate Immune Response and Cross-Talks With Macrophages and Dendritic Cells","volume":"236","author":"Kupani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00881","article-title":"Saliva Drives Interleukin-17-Induced Neutrophil Recruitment Favoring","volume":"9","author":"Teixeira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2009.07.004","article-title":"Alarmins Link Neutrophils and Dendritic Cells","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2011.06.004","article-title":"On the Dual Roles and Polarized Phenotypes of Neutrophils in Tumor Development and Progression","volume":"82","author":"Piccard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902199","article-title":"A Distinct Subset of Proinflammatory Neutrophils Isolated From Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Induces Vascular Damage and Synthesizes Type I IFNs","volume":"184","author":"Denny","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1424341112","article-title":"NFkappaB Activation by Modified Vaccinia Virus as a Novel Strategy to Enhance Neutrophil Migration and HIV-Specific T-Cell Responses","volume":"112","author":"Di Pilato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000829","article-title":"Essential Role of Neutrophils in the Protective Immune Response Induced by a Live Attenuated Leishmania Vaccine","volume":"205","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw394","article-title":"A Subset of Neutrophils Expressing Markers of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"214","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxr007","article-title":"Mouse Neutrophils Are Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells Programmed to Instruct Th1 and Th17 T-Cell Differentiation","volume":"23","author":"Abi Abdallah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2000.00140.x","article-title":"Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils as Accessory Cells for T-Cell Activation: Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Restricted Antigen-Dependent Induction of T-Cell Proliferation","volume":"101","author":"Radsak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-10-744441","article-title":"Neutrophils Acquire the Capacity for Antigen Presentation to Memory CD4(+) T Cells In Vitro and Ex Vivo","volume":"129","author":"Vono","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00898","article-title":"The Role of Neutrophils in the Induction of Specific Th1 and Th17 During Vaccination Against Tuberculosis","volume":"7","author":"Trentini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.07.015","article-title":"Neutrophils Transport Antigen From the Dermis to the Bone Marrow, Initiating a Source of Memory CD8+ T Cells","volume":"37","author":"Duffy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2016.09.002","article-title":"Immunometabolic Circuits in Trained Immunity","volume":"28","author":"Arts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aaf1098","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1098","article-title":"Trained Immunity: A Program of Innate Immune Memory in Health and Disease","volume":"352","author":"Netea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108387","article-title":"BCG Vaccination Induces Long-Term Functional Reprogramming of Human Neutrophils","volume":"33","author":"Moorlag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.52.2.135","article-title":"Differences in the Onset of the Inflammatory Response to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Resistant and Susceptible Mice","volume":"52","author":"Beil","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.10.005","article-title":"Developmental and Functional Heterogeneity of Monocytes","volume":"49","author":"Guilliams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14935-3","article-title":"Ly6C Hi Inflammatory Monocytes Promote Susceptibility to Leishmania Donovani Infection","volume":"7","author":"Terrazas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(03)00174-2","article-title":"Blood Monocytes Consist of Two Principal Subsets With Distinct Migratory Properties","volume":"19","author":"Geissmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1309","article-title":"Monocyte Emigration From Bone Marrow During Bacterial Infection Requires Signals Mediated by Chemokine Receptor CCR2","volume":"7","author":"Serbina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155339","article-title":"Chemokines in Leishmaniasis: Map of Cell Movements Highlights the Landscape of Infection and Pathogenesis","volume":"147","author":"de Ara\u00fajo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005600","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005600","article-title":"Insights Into the Sand Fly Saliva: Blood-Feeding and Immune Interactions Between Sand Flies, Hosts, and Leishmania","volume":"11","author":"Lestinova","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402037","article-title":"Ly6C(high) Monocytes Control Cerebral Toxoplasmosis","volume":"194","author":"Biswas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004393","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004393","article-title":"The CD14+CD16+ Inflammatory Monocyte Subset Displays Increased Mitochondrial Activity and Effector Function During Acute Plasmodium Vivax Malaria","volume":"10","author":"Antonelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01896","article-title":"Infection of Human Monocytes With Leishmania Infantum Strains Induces a Downmodulated Response When Compared With Infection With Leishmania Braziliensis","volume":"8","author":"Viana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3282","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003282","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Production by Monocytes Is Enhanced by TNF and Participates in the Pathology of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Campos","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100977","article-title":"Loss of TNF Signaling Facilitates the Development of a Novel Ly-6C(Low) Macrophage Population Permissive for Leishmania Major Infection","volume":"188","author":"Fromm","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(00)80103-5","article-title":"Ineffective Elimination of Leishmania Major by Inflammatory (MRP14-Positive) Subtype of Monocytic Cells","volume":"202","author":"Steinbrink","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-014-0115-3","article-title":"A Defective Oxidative Burst and Impaired Antigen Presentation Are Hallmarks of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"35","author":"Roy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03741.x","article-title":"Leishmania Donovani Infection Down-Regulates TLR2-Stimulated IL-12p40 and Activates IL-10 in Cells of Macrophage\/Monocytic Lineage by Modulating MAPK Pathways Through a Contact-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"154","author":"Chandra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.11.004","article-title":"Differential Expression of TLRs 2, 4, 9, iNOS and TNF-\u03b1 and Arginase Activity in Peripheral Blood Monocytes From Glucantime Unresponsive and Responsive Patients With Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania Tropica","volume":"126","author":"Oliaee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.15-277202","article-title":"IL-17A Promotes Susceptibility During Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania Donovani","volume":"30","author":"Terrazas","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12535","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12535","article-title":"An IL-10 Dominant Polarization of Monocytes Is a Feature of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"40","author":"Roy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2005.01686.x","article-title":"Immune Response in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis: Analysis of the Correlation Between Innate Immunity Cytokine Profile and Disease Outcome","volume":"62","author":"Peruhype-Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy228","article-title":"Peripheral Blood Monocytes With an Antiinflammatory Phenotype Display Limited Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst in Patients With Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"218","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e190408","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760190408","article-title":"Leishmania Infantum Induces High Phagocytic Capacity and Intracellular Nitric Oxide Production by Human Proinflammatory Monocyte","volume":"115","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4A0715-288R","article-title":"CCR2 Signaling Contributes to the Differentiation of Protective Inflammatory Dendritic Cells in Leishmania Braziliensis Infection","volume":"100","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006422","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006422","article-title":"Infection-Adapted Emergency Hematopoiesis Promotes Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"13","author":"Abidin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006616","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006616","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1 Is a Key Regulator in Potentiating Suppressor Activity and Limiting the Microbicidal Capacity of MDSC-Like Cells During Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"13","author":"Hammami","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0242337","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242337","article-title":"In-Situ Proliferation Contributes to the Accumulation of Myeloid Cells in the Spleen During Progressive Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"15","author":"Osorio","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.03.011","article-title":"Th1-Th2 Cross-Regulation Controls Early Leishmania Infection in the Skin by Modulating the Size of the Permissive Monocytic Host Cell Reservoir","volume":"27","author":"Carneiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.1.22","article-title":"Cutting Edge: STAT1 and T-Bet Play Distinct Roles in Determining Outcome of Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania Donovani","volume":"177","author":"Rosas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy552","article-title":"The Potent ITK\/BTK Inhibitor Ibrutinib Is Effective for the Treatment of Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania Donovani","volume":"219","author":"Varikuti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006349","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006349","article-title":"Skin-Resident CD4+ T Cells Protect Against Leishmania Major by Recruiting and Activating Inflammatory Monocytes","volume":"13","author":"Glennie","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006479","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006479","article-title":"Divergent Roles for Ly6C+CCR2+CX3CR1+ Inflammatory Monocytes During Primary or Secondary Infection of the Skin With the Intra-Phagosomal Pathogen Leishmania Major","volume":"13","author":"Romano","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.05.029","article-title":"Inflammatory Monocytes Activate Memory CD8(+) T and Innate NK Lymphocytes Independent of Cognate Antigen During Microbial Pathogen Invasion","volume":"37","author":"Soudja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06236-6","article-title":"Inflammatory Monocytes Regulate Th1 Oriented Immunity to CpG Adjuvanted Protein Vaccines Through Production of IL-12","volume":"7","author":"De Koker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.02.009","article-title":"Vaccination Against Canine Leishmaniosis Increases the Phagocytic Activity, Nitric Oxide Production and Expression of Cell Activation\/Migration Molecules in Neutrophils and Monocytes","volume":"220","author":"Moreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.11.104","article-title":"T-Cell-Derived Cytokines, Nitric Oxide Production by Peripheral Blood Monocytes and Seric Anti-Leishmania (Leishmania) Chagasi IgG Subclass Patterns Following Immunization Against Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis Using Leishvaccine and Leishmune","volume":"27","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.06.006","article-title":"Candida Albicans Infection Affords Protection Against Reinfection via Functional Reprogramming of Monocytes","volume":"12","author":"Quintin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814603-3.00010-0","article-title":"Mtorc1 Links Cellular Metabolism and Immune Functions in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection and BCG Vaccination","author":"Guerrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Value BCG TNF Autoimmunity Acad Press"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.08.004","article-title":"\u03b2-Glucan-Induced Trained Immunity Protects Against Leishmania Braziliensis Infection: A Crucial Role for IL-32","volume":"28","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.062","article-title":"M. Tuberculosis Reprograms Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Limit Myelopoiesis and Impair Trained Immunity","volume":"183","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.11.6521","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Neutrophil Granulocyte Serves as a Vector for Leishmania Entry Into Macrophages","volume":"173","author":"van Zandbergen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737586","article-title":"A Novel Form of NF-kappaB Is Induced by Leishmania Infection: Involvement in Macrophage Gene Expression","volume":"38","author":"Gregory","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.12.8346","article-title":"Saliva From Lutzomyia Longipalpis Induces CC Chemokine Ligand 2\/Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression and Macrophage Recruitment","volume":"175","author":"Teixeira","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01090-07","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptors and Leishmaniasis","volume":"76","author":"Tuon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-021-00703-8","article-title":"Potential Biomarkers of Immune Protection in Human Leishmaniasis","volume":"210","author":"Rostami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0212086","article-title":"The Roles of Complement Receptor 3 and Fc\u03b3 Receptors During Leishmania Phagosome Maturation","volume":"93","author":"Polando","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.2.1141","article-title":"The Role of IL-10 in Promoting Disease Progression in Leishmaniasis","volume":"166","author":"Kane","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.1.217","article-title":"Reversal of Proinflammatory Responses by Ligating the Macrophage Fcgamma Receptor Type I","volume":"188","author":"Sutterwala","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01596-4","article-title":"Leishmania Major Activates IL-1 Alpha Expression in Macrophages Through a MyD88-Dependent Pathway","volume":"4","author":"Hawn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00072","article-title":"Impact of Leishmania Metalloprotease GP63 on Macrophage Signaling","volume":"2","author":"Isnard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12586","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12586","article-title":"Leishmania Infection Activates Host mTOR for Its Survival by M2 Macrophage Polarization","volume":"40","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1759","article-title":"Recent Advances in Understanding Leishmania Donovani Infection: The Importance of Diverse Host Regulatory Pathways","volume":"70","author":"Saha","year":"2018","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytox.2020.100041","article-title":"Macrophages as Host, Effector and Immunoregulatory Cells in Leishmaniasis: Impact of Tissue Micro-Environment and Metabolism","volume":"2","author":"Bogdan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine X"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00514","article-title":"From Monocytes to M1\/M2 Macrophages: Phenotypical vs. Functional Differentiation","volume":"5","author":"Italiani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105456","article-title":"The Role of Monocytes\/Macrophages in Leishmania Infection: A Glance at the Human Response","volume":"207","author":"Loria-Cervera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2014.07.016","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","author":"Pace","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1668","article-title":"Regulation of Immune Responses by L-Arginine Metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Bronte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-7771-2-1","article-title":"Monocyte and Macrophage Differentiation: Circulation Inflammatory Monocyte as Biomarker for Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomark Res"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M091736","article-title":"Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolites: Biosynthesis in","volume":"60","author":"Paloque","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10743-x","article-title":"Revealing the Mystery of Metabolic Adaptations Using a Genome Scale Model of Leishmania Infantum","volume":"7","author":"Subramanian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003888","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003888","article-title":"Induction of a Stringent Metabolic Response in Intracellular Stages of Leishmania Mexicana Leads to Increased Dependence on Mitochondrial Metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Saunders","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.213553","article-title":"Isotopomer Profiling of Leishmania Mexicana Promastigotes Reveals Important Roles for Succinate Fermentation and Aspartate Uptake in Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Anaplerosis, Glutamate Synthesis, and Growth","volume":"286","author":"Saunders","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100225","article-title":"Resolvin D1 and Its Precursor Docosahexaenoic Acid Promote Resolution of Adipose Tissue Inflammation by Eliciting Macrophage Polarization Toward an M2-Like Phenotype","volume":"187","author":"Titos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04595-8","article-title":"Anti-Parasite Therapy Drives Changes in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis-Associated Inflammatory Balance","volume":"7","author":"Ara\u00fajo-Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01084","article-title":"Macrophage Polarization: Different Gene Signatures in M1(LPS+) vs. Classically and M2(LPS-) vs. Alternatively Activated Macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Orecchioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.03.001","article-title":"Macrophage Immunometabolism: Where Are We (Going)","volume":"38","author":"Van den Bossche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.10.092","article-title":"A Defective Pentose Phosphate Pathway Reduces Inflammatory Macrophage Responses During Hypercholesterolemia","volume":"25","author":"Baardman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00164","article-title":"Time and Demand Are Two Critical Dimensions of Immunometabolism: The Process of Macrophage Activation and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway","volume":"6","author":"Nagy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004684","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004684","article-title":"Leishmania Infantum Modulates Host Macrophage Mitochondrial Metabolism by Hijacking the SIRT1-AMPK Axis","volume":"11","author":"Moreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00026-07","article-title":"L-Arginine and Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2B Regulate Growth and Survival of Leishmania Amazonensis Amastigotes in Macrophages","volume":"75","author":"Wanasen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148084","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148084","article-title":"The Role of Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species in the Killing of Leishmania Braziliensis by Monocytes From Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Carneiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/375408a0","article-title":"Altered Immune Responses in Mice Lacking Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase","volume":"375","author":"Wei","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109189","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/109189","article-title":"Leishmania Interferes With Host Cell Signaling to Devise a Survival Strategy","volume":"2010","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2010","journal-title":"J BioMed Biotechnol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.11.4495-4500.1995","article-title":"Attenuation of Gamma Interferon-Induced Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Mononuclear Phagocytes Infected With Leishmania Donovani: Selective Inhibition of Signaling Through Janus Kinases and Stat1","volume":"63","author":"Nandan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e305","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000305","article-title":"Leishmania-Induced IRAK-1 Inactivation Is Mediated by SHP-1 Interacting With an Evolutionarily Conserved KTIM Motif","volume":"2","author":"Abu-Dayyeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.6.3391","article-title":"Sodium Stibogluconate Is a Potent Inhibitor of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases and Augments Cytokine Responses in Hemopoietic Cell Lines","volume":"167","author":"Pathak","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)01895-5","article-title":"Is Lipophosphoglycan a Virulence Factor? A Surprising Diversity Between Leishmania Species","volume":"17","author":"Turco","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.9.1953","article-title":"Lipophosphoglycan Is Not Required for Infection of Macrophages or Mice by Leishmania Mexicana","volume":"19","author":"Ilg","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.07.004","article-title":"Interleukin-10 and the Pathogenesis of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"28","author":"Nylen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.06.015","article-title":"T Cell Subset and Cytokine Profiles in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis During Active and Asymptomatic or Sub-Clinical Infection With Leishmania Donovani","volume":"117","author":"Hailu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061141","article-title":"Splenic Accumulation of IL-10 mRNA in T Cells Distinct From CD4+ CD25+ (Foxp3) Regulatory T Cells in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"204","author":"Nyl\u00e9n","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2006.01.017","article-title":"Elevated Levels of Interferon-\u03b3, Interleukin-10, and Interleukin-6 During Active Disease in Indian Kala Azar","volume":"119","author":"Ansari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20256","article-title":"Multiplex Analysis of Circulating Cytokines in the Sera of Patients With Different Clinical Forms of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"69","author":"Kurkjian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytometry Part A"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-5-113","article-title":"Balance of IL-10 and Interferon-\u03b3 Plasma Levels in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis: Implications in the Pathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Caldas","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10107","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010107","article-title":"Quantification of Parasite Load in Clinical Samples of Leishmaniasis Patients: IL-10 Level Correlates With Parasite Load in Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"5","author":"Verma","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.21001","article-title":"Monitoring of Intracellular Nitric Oxide in Leishmaniasis: Its Applicability in Patients With Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"79","author":"Sarkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2134","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002134","article-title":"Arginase Activity - a Marker of Disease Status in Patients With Visceral Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Abebe","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.8.4804-4807.2003","article-title":"Both Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-4 Receptor Alpha Signaling Contribute to the Development of Hepatic Granulomas With Optimal Antileishmanial Activity","volume":"71","author":"St\u00e4ger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00224-0","article-title":"A Candidate Vaccine for Human Visceral Leishmaniasis Based on a Specific T Cell Epitope-Containing Chimeric Protein Protects Mice Against Leishmania Infantum Infection","volume":"5","author":"Lage","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111684","article-title":"Nano-Co-Delivery of Lipophosphoglycan With Soluble and Autoclaved Leishmania Antigens Into PLGA Nanoparticles: Evaluation of In Vitro and In Vivo Immunostimulatory Effects Against Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"120","author":"Tosyali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12687","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12687","article-title":"LmjMAPK10 Offers Protection Against Leishmania Donovani Infection","volume":"42","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0144-2","article-title":"Peptide-Based Vaccine Successfully Induces Protective Immunity Against Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Petitdidier","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.1998.9.13-1899","article-title":"Genetic Immunization With Glycoprotein 63 cDNA Results in a Helper T Cell Type 1 Immune Response and Protection in a Murine Model of Leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Walker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257530","article-title":"T Cell Memory. A Local Macrophage Chemokine Network Sustains Protective Tissue-Resident Memory CD4 T Cells","volume":"346","author":"Iijima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00788-y","article-title":"Leishmaniasis Immunopathology-Impact on Design and Use of Vaccines, Diagnostics and Drugs","volume":"42","author":"Kaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2010.08.014","article-title":"Innate Immunity and Leishmania Vaccination Strategies","volume":"29","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00184-15","article-title":"Genetically Modified Live Attenuated Leishmania Donovani Parasites Induce Innate Immunity Through Classical Activation of Macrophages That Direct the Th1 Response in Mice","volume":"83","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu675","article-title":"The Recombinant BCG \u0394urec::Hly Vaccine Targets the AIM2 Inflammasome to Induce Autophagy and Inflammation","volume":"211","author":"Saiga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02924-14","article-title":"Live-Attenuated Measles Virus Vaccine Targets Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in Muscle of Nonhuman Primates","volume":"89","author":"Rennick","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002229","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002229","article-title":"Restoration of Ifn\u03b3r Subunit Assembly, Ifn\u03b3 Signaling and Parasite Clearance in Leishmania Donovani Infected Macrophages: Role of Membrane Cholesterol","volume":"7","author":"Sen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.5.3214","article-title":"Leishmania Donovani Affects Antigen Presentation of Macrophage by Disrupting Lipid Rafts","volume":"175","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00583-13","article-title":"Liposomal Cholesterol Delivery Activates the Macrophage Innate Immune Arm to Facilitate Intracellular Leishmania Donovani Killing","volume":"82","author":"Ghosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004710","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004710","article-title":"Cholesterol Corrects Altered Conformation of MHC-II Protein in Leishmania Donovani Infected Macrophages: Implication in Therapy","volume":"10","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02273","article-title":"miR-21 Expression Determines the Early Vaccine Immunity Induced by","volume":"10","author":"Gannavaram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3967436","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3967436","article-title":"Dendritic Cells and Leishmania Infection: Adding Layers of Complexity to a Complex Disease","volume":"2016","author":"Feij\u00f3","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104558","article-title":"Self- and Nonself-Recognition by C-Type Lectins on Dendritic Cells","volume":"22","author":"Geijtenbeek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00227","article-title":"Molecular Aspects of Dendritic Cell Activation in Leishmaniasis: An Immunobiological View","volume":"10","author":"Tiburcio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00975-15","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor 9 Signaling in Dendritic Cells Regulates Neutrophil Recruitment to Inflammatory Foci Following Leishmania Infantum Infection","volume":"83","author":"Sacramento","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199802)28:02<687::AID-IMMU687>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Dendritic Cells, But Not Macrophages, Produce IL-12 Immediately Following Leishmania Donovani Infection","volume":"28","author":"Gorak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00643-07","article-title":"Temporal Regulation of Interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70) and IL-12-Related Cytokines in Splenic Dendritic Cell Subsets During Leishmania Donovani Infection","volume":"76","author":"Maroof","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2000.00939.x","article-title":"Modulation of CD11C+ Splenic Dendritic Cell Functions in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis: Correlation With Parasite Replication in the Spleen","volume":"99","author":"Basu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.9.5486","article-title":"Loss of Dendritic Cell Migration and Impaired Resistance to Leishmania Donovani Infection in Mice Deficient in CCL19 and CCL21","volume":"176","author":"Ato","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21891-z","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1 Hampers Dendritic Cell Function and Th1 Generation During Chronic Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Hammami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000158","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000158","article-title":"VCAM-1 and VLA-4 Modulate Dendritic Cell IL-12p40 Production in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Stanley","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001099","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 Deficiency Promotes the Early Th1 Immune Response and Resistance Toward Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"207","author":"Varikuti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.01.012","article-title":"MicroRNA155 Plays a Critical Role in the Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Leishmania Major Infection by Promoting a Th2 Response and Attenuating Dendritic Cell Activity","volume":"191","author":"Varikuti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0143063","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143063","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Four Leishmania Infantum Potentially Excreted\/Secreted Proteins on Human Dendritic Cells Differentiation and Maturation","volume":"10","author":"Markikou-Ouni","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000541","article-title":"Leishmania Exosomes Modulate Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Through Effects on Monocytes and Dendritic Cells","volume":"185","author":"Silverman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3771","article-title":"Dendritic Cell Metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Pearce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.37","article-title":"Metabolic Regulation of Inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Gaber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-10-249540","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor-Induced Changes in Glycolytic Metabolism Regulate Dendritic Cell Activation","volume":"115","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2833","article-title":"TLR-Driven Early Glycolytic Reprogramming via the Kinases TBK1-IKK\u03b5 Supports the Anabolic Demands of Dendritic Cell Activation","volume":"15","author":"Everts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.7.4697","article-title":"Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha Modulate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Dendritic Cell Activation and Function","volume":"180","author":"Jantsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004938","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004938","article-title":"IRF-5-Mediated Inflammation Limits CD8+ T Cell Expansion by Inducing HIF-1\u03b1 and Impairing Dendritic Cell Functions During Leishmania Infection","volume":"11","author":"Hammami","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.098","article-title":"The Absence of HIF-1\u03b1 Increases Susceptibility to Leishmania Donovani Infection via Activation of BNIP3\/mTOR\/SREBP-1c Axis","volume":"30","author":"Mesquita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2004.03.003","article-title":"Antigen Delivery by Dendritic Cells","volume":"294","author":"Moll","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.07.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccination Against Infection","volume":"298","author":"Fajardo-Moser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636780","article-title":"Vaccination With Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Induces Protection Against Infection With Leishmania Major in Mice","volume":"37","author":"Remer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2018.08.004","article-title":"Induction of Protective Cellular Immune Responses Against Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis Mediated by Dendritic Cells Pulsed With the N-Terminal Domain of Leishmania Infantum Elongation Factor-2 and CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides","volume":"103","author":"Agallou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700674","article-title":"Live Attenuated Leishmania Donovani Centrin Gene-Deleted Parasites Induce IL-23-Dependent IL-17-Protective Immune Response Against Visceral Leishmaniasis in a Murine Model","volume":"200","author":"Banerjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00967","article-title":"NH36 and F3 Antigen-Primed Dendritic Cells Show Preserved Migrating Capabilities and CCR7 Expression and F3 Is Effective in Immunotherapy of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Nico","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12753-1","article-title":"Role of Mast Cells in Clearance of Leishmania Through Extracellular Trap Formation","volume":"7","author":"Naqvi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.9.3501-3508.1997","article-title":"Mast Cells in Infection and Immunity","volume":"65","author":"Abraham","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80010-7","article-title":"Mast Cells as Sentinels of Innate Immunity","volume":"11","author":"Galli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.13.040195.001055","article-title":"The Regulation of Immunity to Leishmania Major","volume":"13","author":"Reiner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05090.x","article-title":"Pattern Analysis of Human Cutaneous Mast Cell Populations by Total Body Surface Mapping","volume":"148","author":"Weber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-03-0921","article-title":"Early Macrophage Influx to Sites of Cutaneous Granuloma Formation Is Dependent on MIP-1alpha \/Beta Released From Neutrophils Recruited by Mast Cell-Derived TNFalpha","volume":"101","author":"von Stebut","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-5860com","article-title":"Skin Mast Cells Control T Cell-Dependent Host Defense in Leishmania Major Infections","volume":"20","author":"Maurer","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303145","article-title":"Characterization of Cross-Protection by Genetically Modified Live-Attenuated Leishmania Donovani Parasites Against Leishmania Mexicana","volume":"193","author":"Dey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2021.104380","article-title":"Mast Cells Modulate Early Responses to Mycobacterium Bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin by Phagocytosis and Formation of Extracellular Traps","volume":"365","author":"Naqvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7555\/JBR.30.20150038","article-title":"Roles and Relevance of Mast Cells in Infection and Vaccination","volume":"30","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J BioMed Res"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122713","article-title":"Harnessing the Power of Mast Cells in Unconventional Immunotherapy Strategies and Vaccine Adjuvants","volume":"9","author":"Willows","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e77327","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077327","article-title":"Mast Cells Modulate Acute Toxoplasmosis in Murine Models","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.06.014","article-title":"Mast Cell Function and Death in Trypanosoma Cruzi Infection","volume":"179","author":"Meuser-Batista","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5147","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205147","article-title":"Highly Selective Cleavage of TH2-Promoting Cytokines by the Human and the Mouse Mast Cell Tryptases, Indicating a Potent Negative Feedback Loop on TH2 Immunity","volume":"20","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00558-3","article-title":"Natural Killer Cells in Antiviral Immunity","author":"Bjorkstrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2017.1402925","article-title":"Decrease in the Frequency of Circulating CD56(+)CD161(+) NK Cells in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"47","author":"Rai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9","article-title":"Leishmania Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) Activates NK Cells Through Toll-Like Receptor-2","volume":"130","author":"Becker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737182","article-title":"TLR9 Signaling Is Essential for the Innate NK Cell Response in Murine Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"37","author":"Liese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004570","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004570","article-title":"Down-Regulation of TLR and JAK\/STAT Pathway Genes Is Associated With Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Gene Expression Analysis in NK Cells From Patients Infected With Leishmania Mexicana","volume":"10","author":"Fernandez-Figueroa","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.378","article-title":"Increase of NK Cells and Proinflammatory Monocytes Are Associated With the Clinical Improvement of Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis After Immunochemotherapy With BCG\/Leishmania Antigens","volume":"81","author":"Pereira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.11.6747","article-title":"Mice Lacking NK Cells Develop an Efficient Th1 Response and Control Cutaneous Leishmania Major Infection","volume":"162","author":"Satoskar","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.38.3.1208-1216.1982","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Beige Mice","volume":"38","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00069","article-title":"Natural Killer Cells in Experimental and Human Leishmaniasis","volume":"2","author":"Bogdan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00249-09","article-title":"Vaccination With Live Leishmania Major and CpG DNA Promotes Interleukin-2 Production by Dermal Dendritic Cells and NK Cell Activation","volume":"16","author":"Laabs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2014.10.005","article-title":"BCG-Induced Trained Immunity in NK Cells: Role for Non-Specific Protection to Infection","volume":"155","author":"Kleinnijenhuis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2016.10.001","article-title":"About Training and Memory: NK-Cell Adaptation to Viral Infections","volume":"133","author":"Hammer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00367","article-title":"The Role of Natural Killer T Cells in Cancer-A Phenotypical and Functional Approach","volume":"9","author":"Krijgsman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040704","article-title":"A Subset of Liver NK T Cells Is Activated During Leishmania Donovani Infection by CD1d-Bound Lipophosphoglycan","volume":"200","author":"Amprey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.01.011","article-title":"Leishmania Donovani Skews the CD56(+) Natural Killer T Cell Response During Human Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"73","author":"Kumari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.748325\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T02:42:39Z","timestamp":1673491359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.748325\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"references-count":214,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.748325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.748325","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"article-number":"748325"}}