{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:27:01Z","timestamp":1789043221335,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Improving COVID-19 intervention strategies partly relies on animal models to study SARS-CoV-2 disease and immunity. In our pursuit to establish a model for severe COVID-19, we inoculated young and adult male ferrets intranasally or intratracheally with SARS-CoV-2. Intranasal inoculation established an infection in all ferrets, with viral dissemination into the brain and gut. Upon intratracheal inoculation only adult ferrets became infected. However, neither inoculation route induced observable COVID-19 symptoms. Despite this, a persistent inflammation in the nasal turbinates was prominent in especially young ferrets and follicular hyperplasia in the bronchi developed 21 days post infection. These effects -if sustained- might resemble long-COVID. Respiratory and systemic cellular responses and antibody responses were induced only in animals with an established infection. We conclude that intranasally-infected ferrets resemble asymptomatic COVID-19 and possibly aspects of long-COVID. Combined with the increasing portfolio to measure adaptive immunity, ferrets are a relevant model for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.750229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:44:27Z","timestamp":1634777067000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Pathology and Immunity After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Male Ferrets Is Affected by Age and Inoculation Route"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Koen","family":"van de Ven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"van Dijken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Wijsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9la","family":"Gomersbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Schouten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanda","family":"Kool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Lenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Roholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puck B.","family":"van Kasteren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen","family":"de Jonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A Pneumonia Outbreak Associated With a New Coronavirus of Probable Bat Origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.3199","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines","volume":"325","author":"Creech","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00556-5","article-title":"Will SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Affect the Promise of Vaccines","volume":"21","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2787-6","article-title":"Animal Models for COVID-19","volume":"586","author":"Munoz-Fontela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.03.009","article-title":"Animal Models for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Infection Prevention Precautions","year":"2020"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.10.004","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis","volume":"41","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106039","article-title":"Aerosol Transmission of SARS-CoV-2? 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