{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T22:22:39Z","timestamp":1793917359196,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002037","name":"CSL Behring Foundation for Research and Advancement of Patient Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection induces heterogeneous symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic to lethal forms. Severe forms usually occur in the elderly and\/or individuals with comorbidities. Children generally remain asymptomatic to primary infection, suggesting that they may have an effective local innate immune response. IFN-I and -III have non-redundant protective roles against SARS-CoV-2, although sometimes damaging the host. The expression and role of anti-viral peptides during SARS-CoV-2 infection have thus far been little studied. We aimed to identify the innate immune molecules present at the SARS-CoV-2 entry point. We analyzed the mRNA levels of type I (IFN-\u03b1 and -\u03b2) and type III (IFN-\u03bb1-3) interferons and selected antiviral peptides (\n                    <jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic>\n                    , \u03b2-defensins 1-3, \u03b1-defensins [HNP1-3, HD5] pentraxin-3, surfactant protein D, the cathelicidin LL-37 and interleukin-26) in nasopharyngeal swabs from 226 individuals of various ages, either infected with SARS-CoV-2 (symptomatic or asymptomatic) or negative for the virus. We observed that infection induced selective upregulation of IFN-\u03bb1 expression in pediatric subjects (\u226415 years), whereas IFN-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b2, IFN-\u03bb2\/\u03bb3, and \u03b2-defensin 1-3 expression was unaffected. Conversely, infection triggered upregulation of IFN-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b2, IFN-\u03bb2\/\u03bb3, and \u03b2-defensin 1-3 mRNA expression in adults (15-65 years) and the elderly (\u2265 65 years), but without modulation of IFN-\u03bb1. The expression of these innate molecules was not associated with gender or symptoms. Expression of the interferon-stimulated genes IFITM1 and IFITM3 was upregulated in SARS-CoV-2-positive subjects and reached similar levels in the three age groups. Finally, age-related differences in nasopharyngeal innate immunity were also observed in SARS-CoV-2-negative subjects. This study shows that the expression patterns of IFN-I\/-III and certain anti-viral molecules in the nasopharyngeal mucosa of SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects differ with age and suggests that susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 may be related to intrinsic differences in the nature of mucosal anti-viral innate immunity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.750279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T06:02:42Z","timestamp":1636524162000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Age-Related Expression of IFN-\u03bb1 Versus IFN-I and Beta-Defensins in the Nasopharynx of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Charly","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Lefeuvre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Preisser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeline","family":"Pivert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Soleti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Delneste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Ducancelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Couez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Jeannin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.042","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals a Variable Infection Gradient in the Respiratory Tract","volume":"182","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0868-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Entry Factors Are Highly Expressed in Nasal Epithelial Cells Together With Innate Immune Genes","volume":"26","author":"Sungnak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","article-title":"Clinical and Immunological Features of Severe and Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-320338","article-title":"Why Is COVID-19 Less Severe in Children? 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