{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T23:08:52Z","timestamp":1793660932746,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> can infect almost all endotherm organisms including humans and cause life-threatening toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised individuals, which leads to serious public health problems. Developing an excellent vaccine against this disease is impending. In present study, we formulated a cocktail protein vaccine including the TgMIF, TgCDPK3, and Tg14-3-3 proteins, which play critical roles in <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection. The recombinant protein vaccines were constructed and assessed by vaccination in <jats:italic>BALB\/c<\/jats:italic> mice. We organized the mice in various protein combination groups of vaccines, and all mice were immunized with corresponding proteins at 0, 2, and 4 weeks. The specific protective effects of the vaccines on mice against <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> were analyzed by the mensuration of cytokines, serum antibodies, splenocyte proliferation assay, survival time, and parasite cyst burden of mice after the challenge. The study indicated that mice immunized with all three multicomponent proteins vaccine triggered a strong immune response with highest levels of IFN-\u03b3 production and IgG antibody compared with the other two protein combinations and controls. Moreover, there was an increase in IL-4 production and antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation. The parasite cysts were significantly reduced (resulting in an 82.7% reduction), and survival time was longer in immunized mice with three multicomponent proteins compared with the other groups of mice. The enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immunity indicated that the protein cocktail vaccine containing three antigens provided effective protection for mice. These results indicated that recombinant TgMIF, TgCDPK3, and Tg14-3-3 multicomponent proteins were potential candidates for vaccine against toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.755792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T04:56:38Z","timestamp":1640148998000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Protective Effect Against Toxoplasmosis in BALB\/c Mice Vaccinated With Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii MIF, CDPK3, and 14-3-3 Protein Cocktail Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minmin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyang","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijian","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jilong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-34","article-title":"Induction of Long-Lasting Protective Immunity Against Toxoplasma Gondii in BALB\/c Mice by Recombinant Surface Antigen 1 Protein Encapsulated in Poly (Lactide-Co-Glycolide) Microparticles","volume":"6","author":"Chuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.10.113","article-title":"Vaccination Against Toxoplasma Gondii: An Increasing Priority for Collaborative Research","volume":"9","author":"Innes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2017.01.046","article-title":"Recent Developments in Drug Discovery Against the Protozoal Parasites Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma","volume":"27","author":"Chellan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200000144X","article-title":"A Commercial Vaccine for Ovine Toxoplasmosis","author":"Buxton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.09.27","article-title":"Current Status of Toxoplasmosis Vaccine Development","volume":"8","author":"Kur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.08.016","article-title":"Induction of Protective Immunity by Multiantigenic DNA Vaccine Delivered in Attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium Against Toxoplasma Gondii Infection in Mice","volume":"166","author":"Qu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2015.1098539","article-title":"Recent Advances in Developing Vaccines Against Toxoplasma Gondii: An Update","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413052","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/413052","article-title":"Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Protozoan Infections","volume":"2012","author":"Bozza","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00906","article-title":"Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Prevents Maternal Death, But Contributes to Poor Fetal Outcome During Congenital Toxoplasmosis","volume":"9","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M204655200","article-title":"Homologues of Human Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor From a Parasitic Nematode. 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