{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T22:42:23Z","timestamp":1791758543996,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Congenital infection of the fetus\n                      <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                      trans-placental passage of pathogens can result in severe morbidity and mortality. Even without transmission to the fetus, infection of the placenta itself is associated with pregnancy complications including pregnancy loss and preterm birth. Placental macrophages, also termed Hofbauer cells (HBCs), are fetal-origin macrophages residing in the placenta that are likely involved in responding to placental infection and protection of the developing fetus. As HBCs are the only immune cell present in the villous placenta, they represent one of the final opportunities for control of infection and prevention of passage to the developing fetus.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective and Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this review was to provide a systematic overview of the literature regarding HBC responses during infection in pregnancy, including responses to viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed and Scopus were searched on May 20th, 2021, with no limit on publication date, to identify all papers that have studied placental macrophages\/Hofbauer cells in the context of infection. The following search strategy was utilized: (hofbauer* OR \u201chofbauer cells\u201d OR \u201chofbauer cell\u201d OR \u201cplacental macrophage\u201d OR \u201cplacental macrophages\u201d) AND [infect* OR virus OR viral OR bacteri* OR parasite* OR pathogen* OR LPS OR \u201cpoly(i:c)\u201d OR toxoplasm* OR microb* OR HIV)].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      86 studies were identified for review. This included those that investigated HBCs in placentas from pregnancies complicated by maternal infection and\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies investigating HBC responses to pathogens or Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). HBCs can be infected by a variety of pathogens, and HBC hyperplasia was a common observation. HBCs respond to pathogen infection and PAMPs by altering their transcriptional, translational and secretion profiles. Co-culture investigations demonstrate that they can replicate and transmit pathogens to other cells. In other cases, they may eliminate the pathogen through a variety of mechanisms including phagocytosis, cytokine-mediated pathogen elimination, release of macrophage extracellular traps and HBC-antibody-mediated neutralization. HBC responses differ across gestation and may be influenced by pre-existing immunity. Clinical information, including gestational age at infection, gestational age of the samples, mode of sample collection and pregnancy outcome were missing for the majority of studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.756035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T01:14:11Z","timestamp":1644542051000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Placental Macrophage (Hofbauer Cell) Responses to Infection During Pregnancy: A Systematic Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Georgia","family":"Fakonti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paschalia","family":"Pantazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Bokun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Holder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237612","article-title":"A Three-Dimensional Study of the Normal Human Placental Villous Core - I","volume":"210","author":"Castellucci","year":"1980","journal-title":"Hofbauer Cells Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-16-0159","article-title":"Hofbauer Cells of M2a, M2b and M2c Polarisation May Regulate Feto-Placental Angiogenesis","volume":"152","author":"Loegl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.01.010","article-title":"Hofbauer Cells in Early Human Placenta: Possible Implications in Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis","volume":"28","author":"Seval","year":"2007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod62.4.1075","article-title":"Human Villous Macrophage-Conditioned Media Enhance Human Trophoblast Growth and Differentiation In Vitro","volume":"62","author":"Khan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2004.08.008","article-title":"Human Placental Hofbauer Cells Express Sprouty Proteins: A Possible Modulating Mechanism of Villous Branching","volume":"26","author":"Anteby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901185","article-title":"Baby\u2019s First Macrophage: Temporal Regulation of Hofbauer Cell Phenotype Influences Ligand-Mediated Innate Immune Responses Across Gestation","volume":"204","author":"Swieboda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"The Phenotype of Human Placental Macrophages and Its Variation With Gestational Age","volume":"133","author":"Goldstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Phenotypic Characterization of Macrophages in Human Term Placenta","volume":"67","author":"Mues","year":"1989","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2448","article-title":"Nihms84393","volume":"8","author":"Mosser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000497416","article-title":"The Elusive Role of Placental Macrophages: The Hofbauer Cell","volume":"11","author":"Zulu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"Congenital Anomalies [Internet]2020"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.111732","article-title":"The Global Burden of Congenital Toxoplasmosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"91","author":"Torgerson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"The Global Elimination of Congenital Syphilis: Rationale and Strategy for Action [Internet]","year":"2007"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2014.11.001","article-title":"TORCH Infections","volume":"42","author":"Neu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007","article-title":"Microbial Vertical Transmission During Human Pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Arora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2016.11.008","article-title":"Preterm Birth: Inflammation, Fetal Injury and Treatment Strategies","volume":"119","author":"Boyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.24105\/apr.2018.5.14","article-title":"Infectious Diseases as a Cause of Global Childhood Mortality and Morbidity: Progress in Recognition, Prevention, and Treatment","volume":"5","author":"Frenkel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001725","article-title":"Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection After a Multiple Birth Pregnancy","volume":"36","author":"Shmueli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.3720","article-title":"Congenital Zika Virus Infection: Beyond Neonatal Microcephaly","volume":"73","author":"Melo","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1114090","article-title":"Villitis of Unknown Etiology \u2013 Prevalence and Clinical Associations","volume":"29","author":"Kovo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Matern Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2010.02.003","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Clinical Chorioamnionitis","volume":"37","author":"Tita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1159\/000511324","article-title":"Placental Pathology Findings During and After SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Features of Villitis and Malperfusion","volume":"88","author":"Menter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI145427","article-title":"Severe SARS-CoV-2 Placenta Infection can Impact Neonatal Outcome in the Absence of Vertical Transmission","volume":"131","author":"Cribi\u00f9","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI139569","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infection of the Placenta","volume":"130","author":"Hosier","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0639-4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 can Infect the Placenta and Is Not Associated With Specific Placental Histopathology: A Series of 19 Placentas From COVID-19-Positive Mothers","volume":"33","author":"Hecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102951","article-title":"SARS-CoV2 Vertical Transmission With Adverse Effects on the Newborn Revealed Through Integrated Immunohistochemical, Electron Microscopy and Molecular Analyses of Placenta","volume":"59","author":"Facchetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.07.029","article-title":"SPECIAL REPORT: A Standardized Definition of Placental Infection by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a Consensus Statement From the National Institutes of Health\/Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Hu","volume":"2","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05932.x","article-title":"Placental Hofbauer Cells and Complications of Pregnancy","volume":"1221","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02628","article-title":"Hofbauer Cells: Their Role in Healthy and Complicated Pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Reyes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90349-A","article-title":"HIV-1 in Trophoblastic and Villous Hofbauer Cells, and Haematological Precursors in Eight-Week Fetuses","volume":"335","author":"Lewis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.45.10.871","article-title":"Demonstration of HIV-1 Infected Cells in Human Placenta by In Situ Hybridisation and Immunostaining","volume":"45","author":"Back\u00e9","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(92)90088-K","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Localization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus P24 Antigen in Placental Tissue","volume":"23","author":"Martin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994545","article-title":"Vertical Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission: A Study of Placental Pathology in Relation to Maternal Risk Factors","volume":"11","author":"Back\u00e9","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)70514-X","article-title":"Human Immunedeficiency Virus Infection: In Situ Polymerase Chain Reaction Localization in Human Placentas After In Utero and In Vitro Infection","volume":"182","author":"Sheikh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800418","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis Is Associated With Placental Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Subtype E in the Early Gestational Period","volume":"18","author":"Bhoopat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64819-5","article-title":"Up-Regulation of CCR5 Expression in the Placenta Is Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Vertical Transmission","volume":"157","author":"Behbahani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v15i3.8","article-title":"Expression of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNRs in Placentas of HIV-Positive Patients","volume":"15","author":"Pillay","year":"2014","journal-title":"South Afr J HIV Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.08.082","article-title":"Expression of HLA-E Molecules in the Placental Tissue of Women Infected With HIV-1 and Uninfected Women","volume":"49","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160085","article-title":"Zika Virus Damages the Human Placental Barrier and Presents Marked Fetal Neurotropism","volume":"111","author":"de Noronha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0401-OA","article-title":"Placental Pathology of Zika Virus: Viral Infection of the Placenta Induces Villous Stromal Macrophage (Hofbauer Cell) Proliferation and Hyperplasia","volume":"141","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4361-5","article-title":"Viral Infection, Proliferation, and Hyperplasia of Hofbauer Cells and Absence of Inflammation Characterize the Placental Pathology of Fetuses With Congenital Zika Virus Infection","volume":"295","author":"Schwartz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02266","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection at Different Pregnancy Stages: Anatomopathological Findings, Target Cells and Viral Persistence in Placental Tissues","volume":"9","author":"de Noronha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01018","article-title":"Placental Inflammation and Fetal Injury in a Rare Zika Case Associated With Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome and Abortion","volume":"9","author":"Rabelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12644","article-title":"A Clinical and Histopathological Study of Malformations Observed in Fetuses Infected by the Zika Virus","volume":"29","author":"Beaufr\u00e8re","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01082","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1082","article-title":"Immunological Observations and Transcriptomic Analysis of Trimester-Specific Full-Term Placentas From Three Zika Virus-Infected Women","volume":"8","author":"Lum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0000000000000586","article-title":"Histopathologic Changes in Placental Tissue Associated With Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus","volume":"39","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P1174","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101174","article-title":"Syncytiotrophoblast of Placentae From Women With Zika Virus Infection Has Altered Tight Junction Protein Expression and Increased Paracellular Permeability","volume":"8","author":"Miranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(92)90290-J","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Infection of the Human Placenta: An Immunocytochemical Study","volume":"23","author":"M\u00fchlemann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"B49","article-title":"Characterization of the Fetal Inflammatory Response to Cytomegalovirus Placentitis. An Immunohistochemical Study","volume":"116","author":"Schwartz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(05)80345-5","article-title":"Characterization of Placental Cytomegalovirus Infection by Immunocytochemistry","volume":"15","author":"M\u00fchlemann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200112000-00006","article-title":"Coxsackie Virus Infection of the Placenta Associated With Neurodevelopmental Delays in the Newborn","volume":"98","author":"Euscher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2004.01.015","article-title":"Histologic Correlates of Viral and Bacterial Infection of the Placenta Associated With Severe Morbidity and Mortality in the Newborn","volume":"35","author":"Satosar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-7880com","article-title":"Avian Influenza Receptor Expression in H5N1-Infected and Noninfected Human Tissues","volume":"22","author":"Yao","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB [Internet]"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61515-3","article-title":"H5N1 Infection of the Respiratory Tract and Beyond: A Molecular Pathology Study","volume":"370","author":"Gu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1010890","article-title":"An \u201cImmune Barrier\u201d Is Formed in the Placenta by Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin to Protect the Fetus From Hepatitis B Virus Infection From the Mother","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13190","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus Infects Placental Trophoblast and Hofbauer Cells, But Appears Not to Play a Causal Role in Miscarriage and Preterm Labor","volume":"96","author":"Amb\u00fchl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Obs Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P319","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040319","article-title":"A Stillborn Multiple Organs\u2019 Investigation From a Maternal Denv-4 Infection: Histopathological and Inflammatory Mediators Characterization","volume":"11","author":"Nunes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040554","article-title":"Spontaneous Abortion and Chikungunya Infection: Pathological Findings","volume":"13","author":"Salom\u00e3o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040479","article-title":"Molecular Pathology Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Syncytiotrophoblast and Hofbauer Cells in Placenta From a Pregnant Woman and Fetus With COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Morotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2021.04.009","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Colonization of Maternal and Fetal Cells of the Human Placenta Promotes Alteration of Local Renin-Angiotensin System","volume":"2","author":"Verma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med [Internet]"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-021-01067-6","article-title":"Placental Pathology of the Third Trimester Pregnant Women From COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2516(91)90044-4","article-title":"Replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Primary Cultured Placental Cells","volume":"142","author":"Mano","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res Virol [Internet]"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.3.571","article-title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection of Human Placental Macrophages In Vitro","volume":"168","author":"Kesson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis [Internet]"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.56.3.241","article-title":"HIV Infection of Placental Macrophages: Their Potential Role in Vertical Transmission","volume":"56","author":"Kesson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.4.746","article-title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Causes Productive Infection of Macrophages in Primary Placental Cell Cultures","volume":"169","author":"McGann","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect Dis [Internet]"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(05)80334-0","article-title":"In Vitro Infection of Hofbauer Cells With a Monocyte-Tropic Strain of HIV-1","volume":"15","author":"Mel\u00e9ndez-Guerrero","year":"1994","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1997.13.1235","article-title":"Interaction of Pregnancy Steroid Hormones and Zidovudine in Inhibition of HIV Type 1 Replication in Monocytoid and Placental Hofbauer Cells: Implications for the Prevention of Maternal-Fetal Transmission of HIV","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.2.1334-1344.1998","article-title":"Differential Tropism and Chemokine Receptor Expression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Neonatal Monocytes, Monocyte-Derived Macrophages, and Placental Macrophages","volume":"72","author":"Fear","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B69","article-title":"HIV Infection of Placental Macrophages: Effect on the Secretion of HIV Stimulatory Cytokines","volume":"45","author":"Plaud-Valentin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107999001317205213","article-title":"Induction of HIV-1 Replication in Latently Infected Syncytiotrophoblast Cells by Contact With Placental Macrophages: Role of Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha","volume":"21","author":"B\u00e1csi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2008.09.005","article-title":"Proteomic Analyses Associate Cystatin B With Restricted HIV-1 Replication in Placental Macrophages","volume":"29","author":"Luciano-Montalvo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.03.003","article-title":"Cystatin B Associates With Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 in Monocyte-Derived and Placental Macrophages","volume":"30","author":"Luciano-Montalvo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0809556","article-title":"Restricted HIV-1 Replication in Placental Macrophages Is Caused by Inefficient Viral Transcription","volume":"87","author":"Garc\u00eda-Crespo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40706","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040706","article-title":"Naturally-Occurring Genetic Variants in Human DC-SIGN Increase HIV-1 Capture, Cell-Transfer and Risk of Mother-to-Child Transmission","volume":"7","author":"Boily-Larouche","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-9-101","article-title":"Placental Hofbauer Cells Limit HIV-1 Replication and Potentially Offset Mother to Child Transmission (MTCT) by Induction of Immunoregulatory Cytokines","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.19385","article-title":"Placental Hofbauer Cells Assemble and Sequester HIV-1 in Tetraspanin-Positive Compartments That Are Accessible to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy327","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Enhances Placental Susceptibility and Replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1), Which May Facilitate In Utero HIV-1 Transmission","volume":"218","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35296","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35296","article-title":"ZIKA Virus Reveals Broad Tissue and Cell Tropism During the First Trimester of Pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"El Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.88461","article-title":"Zika Virus Productively Infects Primary Human Placenta-Specific Macrophages","volume":"1","author":"Jurado","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.07.002","article-title":"Zika Virus Targets Different Primary Human Placental Cells, Suggesting Two Routes for Vertical Transmission","volume":"20","author":"Tabata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.015","article-title":"Zika Virus Infects Human Placental Macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Quicke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix552","article-title":"Zika Virus Replicates in Proliferating Cells in Explants From First-Trimester Human Placentas, Potential Sites for Dissemination of Infection","volume":"217","author":"Tabata","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.20411\/pai.v2i2.190","article-title":"Jak Inhibitors Modulate Production of Replication-Competent Zika Virus in Human Hofbauer, Trophoblasts, and Neuroblastoma Cells","volume":"2","author":"Gavegnano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog Immun"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.10.008","article-title":"Cross-Reactive Dengue Virus Antibodies Augment Zika Virus Infection of Human Placental Macrophages","volume":"24","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz331","article-title":"Zika Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 Disrupts Glycosaminoglycans and Causes Permeability in Developing Human Placentas","volume":"221","author":"Puerta-Guardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107999099313091","article-title":"Placental Macrophage Contact Potentiates the Complete Replicative Cycle of Human Cytomegalovirus in Syncytiotrophoblast Cells: Role of Interleukin-8 and Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b21","volume":"19","author":"B\u00e1csi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Interf Cytokine Res"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004524","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004524","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccine Based on the Envelope Gh\/gL Pentamer Complex","volume":"10","author":"Wussow","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198908000-00014","article-title":"Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus in Blood Monocytes and Placental Macrophages From Human Neonates","volume":"26","author":"Plaeger-Marshall","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4004(92)90048-X","article-title":"Placental Phagocytic Cells Infected With Herpes Simplex Type 2 and Echovirus Type 19: Virological and Ultrastructural Aspects","volume":"13","author":"Oliveira","year":"1992","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-71-12-3067","article-title":"Interferon Production by Cultured Human Trophoblasts and Choriocarcinoma Cell Lines Induced by Sendai Virus","volume":"71","author":"Toth","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225767","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Exhibits Differential Tropism for Distinct Human Placental Cell Types With Hofbauer Cells Acting as a Permissive Reservoir for Infection","volume":"14","author":"Bokun","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.01.010","article-title":"Herpesvirus-Infected Hofbauer Cells Activate Endothelial Cells Through an IL-1\u03b2-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"91","author":"Hendrix","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.25.21250452","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pregnancy is Associated With Robust Inflammatory Response at The Maternal-Fetal Interface. Medrxiv\u00a0: The Preprint Server for Health Sciences","author":"Lu-Culligan","year":"2021"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.6.4.339","article-title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection of the Brain","volume":"6","author":"Atwood","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6503e1","article-title":"Zika Virus Spreads to New Areas - Region of the Americas, May 2015-January 2016","volume":"65","author":"Hennessey","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55598-6","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection in Pregnancy and Infant Growth, Body Composition in the First Three Months of Life: A Cohort Study","volume":"9","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002203","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection as a Cause of Congenital Brain Abnormalities and Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 Syndrome: Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Krauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180167","article-title":"Bacterial Communities Found in Placental Tissues Are Associated With Severe Chorioamnionitis and Adverse Birth Outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Doyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319248","article-title":"Malaria Enhances Expression of CC Chemokine Receptor 5 on Placental Macrophages","volume":"183","author":"Tkachuk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.6.3287-3293.2005","article-title":"Immunohistological Characterization of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Expression in Plasmodium Falciparum-Infected Placentas","volume":"73","author":"Chaisavaneeyakorn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1378174","article-title":"Differential Activation of Fetal Hofbauer Cells in Primigravidas Is Associated With Decreased Birth Weight in Symptomatic Placental Malaria","volume":"2019","author":"Gaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar Res Treat"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03055.x","article-title":"Presence of IgE+ Cells in Human Placenta Is Independent of Malaria Infection or Chorioamnionitis","volume":"144","author":"Rindsj\u00f6","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00496572","article-title":"The Placental Lesions in Congenital Syphilis - A Study of Six Cases","volume":"397","author":"Walter","year":"1982","journal-title":"Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300988","article-title":"Placental Macrophages Are Impaired in Chorioamnionitis, an Infectious Pathology of the Placenta","volume":"191","author":"Amara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02084-18","article-title":"Streptococcus Agalactiae Induces Placental Macrophages To Release Extracellular Traps Loaded With Tissue Remodeling Enzymes via an Oxidative Burst-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Doster","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13075","article-title":"Protein Kinase D Mediates Inflammatory Responses of Human Placental Macrophages to Group B Streptococcus","volume":"81","author":"Sutton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300786","article-title":"Intrauterine Group A Streptococcal Infections Are Exacerbated by Prostaglandin E 2","volume":"191","author":"Mason","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13032","article-title":"Decidual Stromal Cell-Derived PGE2 Regulates Macrophage Responses to Microbial Threat","volume":"80","author":"Rogers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02434","article-title":"Full-Term Human Placental Macrophages Eliminate Coxiella Burnetii Through an IFN-\u03b3 Autocrine Loop","volume":"10","author":"Mezouar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200891","article-title":"Phenotypic and Functional Characterisation of First Trimester Human Placental Macrophages, Hofbauer Cells","volume":"218","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2008.00657.x","article-title":"Characterization of Cytokine Production by Human Term Placenta Macrophages In Vitro","volume":"60","author":"Pavlov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.04.008","article-title":"Coordinated Expression of Tnf\u03b1- and VEGF-Mediated Signaling Components by Placental Macrophages in Early and Late Pregnancy","volume":"42","author":"Pavlov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030736","article-title":"Placental Hofbauer Cell Polarization Resists Inflammatory Cues In Vitro","volume":"21","author":"Schliefsteiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12336","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Responses by Placental Hofbauer Cells (HBCs): A Potential Pro-Inflammatory Role for Fetal M2 Macrophages","volume":"73","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103214","article-title":"NLRP3 Inflammasome Function and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Human Placental Hofbauer Cells","volume":"142","author":"Abrahams","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7986","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007986","article-title":"Antibody-Dependent Transplacental Transfer of Malaria Blood-Stage Antigen Using a Human Ex Vivo Placental Perfusion Model","volume":"4","author":"May","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030102","article-title":"The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infection and Transmission","volume":"7","author":"Urbanelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2018.11.006","article-title":"Differential Effect of LPS and IL-1\u03b2 in Term Placental Explants","volume":"75","author":"Duval","year":"2019","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(82)80004-0","article-title":"A Three-Dimensional Study of the Normal Human Placental Villous Core - I. The Hofbauer Cells","volume":"210","author":"Castellucci","year":"1982","journal-title":"Placenta"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.756035\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T06:51:56Z","timestamp":1645167116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.756035\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"references-count":119,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.756035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.756035","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"article-number":"756035"}}