{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:15:46Z","timestamp":1787026546281,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Infantis has emerged as a major clinical pathogen causing gastroenteritis worldwide in recent years. As an intracellular pathogen,\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    has evolved to manipulate and benefit from the cell death signaling pathway. In this study, we discovered that\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Infantis inhibited apoptosis of infected Caco-2 cells by phosphorylating Akt. Notably, Akt phosphorylation was observed in a discontinuous manner: immediately 0.5\u00a0h after the invasion, then before peak cytosolic replication. Single-cell analysis revealed that the second phase was only induced by cytosolic hyper-replicating bacteria at 3\u20134 hpi. Next, Akt-mediated apoptosis inhibition was found to be initiated by\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella SopB.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Furthermore, Akt phosphorylation increased mitochondrial localization of Bcl-2 to prevent Bax oligomerization on the mitochondrial membrane, maintaining the mitochondrial network homeostasis to resist apoptosis. In addition,\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Infantis induced pyroptosis, as evidenced by increased caspase-1 (p10) and GSDMS-N levels. In contrast, cells infected with the \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>SopB<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain displayed faster but less severe pyroptosis and had less bacterial load. The results indicated that\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Infantis\n                    <jats:italic>SopB<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013mediated Akt phosphorylation delayed pyroptosis, but aggravated its severity. The wild-type strain also caused more severe diarrhea and intestinal inflammatory damage than the \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>SopB<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain in mice. These findings revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Infantis delayed the cells\u2019 death by intermittent activation of Akt, allowing sufficient time for replication, thereby causing more severe inflammation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.757909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T04:58:37Z","timestamp":1636088317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Salmonella Infantis Delays the Death of Infected Epithelial Cells to Aggravate Bacterial Load by Intermittent Phosphorylation of Akt With SopB"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bing-Xin","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning-","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan-Xin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao-Hong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiu-Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"National Salmonella Surveillance Annual Report \u2014 Appendices, 2010","year":"2013"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12351","article-title":"A Unique Megaplasmid Contributes to Stress Tolerance and Pathogenicity of an Emergent Salmonella Enterica Serovar Infantis Strain","volume":"16","author":"Gili","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4694","article-title":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 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