{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:04:23Z","timestamp":1792508663875,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dimeric cytokine ligand Sp\u00e4tzle (Spz) is responsible for Toll pathway activation and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production upon pathogen challenge in <jats:italic>Tenebrio molitor<\/jats:italic>. Here, we indicated that <jats:italic>Tm<\/jats:italic>Spz5 has a functional role in response to bacterial infections. We showed that the highest expression of <jats:italic>TmSpz5<\/jats:italic> is induced by <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>. However, <jats:italic>TmSpz5<\/jats:italic> knockdown reduced larval survival against <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>. To evaluate the molecular mechanism underlying the observed survival differences, the role of <jats:italic>TmSpz5<\/jats:italic> in AMP production was examined by RNA interference and microbial injection. <jats:italic>T. molitor<\/jats:italic> AMPs that are active against Gram-negative and -positive bacteria, including <jats:italic>Tm<\/jats:italic>tenecins, <jats:italic>Tm<\/jats:italic>attacins, <jats:italic>Tm<\/jats:italic>coleoptericins, <jats:italic>Tm<\/jats:italic>taumatin-like-proteins, and <jats:italic>Tm<\/jats:italic>cecropin-2, were significantly downregulated by <jats:italic>TmSpz-5<\/jats:italic> RNAi in the Malpighian tubules (MTs) following a challenge with <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>. However, upon infection with <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> the mRNA levels of most AMPs in the ds<jats:italic>TmSpz5<\/jats:italic>-injected group were similar to those in the control groups. Likewise, the expression of the transcription factors NF-\u03baB, <jats:italic>TmDorX2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>TmRelish<\/jats:italic> were noticeably suppressed in the MTs of <jats:italic>TmSpz5<\/jats:italic>-silenced larvae. Moreover, <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>-infected <jats:italic>TmSpz5<\/jats:italic> knockdown larvae showed decreased antimicrobial activity in the MTs and hindgut compared with the control group. These results demonstrate that <jats:italic>Tm<\/jats:italic>Spz5 has a defined role in <jats:italic>T. molitor<\/jats:italic> innate immunity by regulating AMP expression in MTs in response to <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.760475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T11:18:31Z","timestamp":1639653511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Critical Roles of Sp\u00e4tzle5 in Antimicrobial Peptide Production Against Escherichia coli in Tenebrio molitor Malpighian Tubules"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Ali Mohammadie Kojour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariku Tesfaye","family":"Edosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho 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