{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:38:01Z","timestamp":1767206281893,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2327-B-016-004, MOST 109-2927-I-001-511, MOST 109-2321-B-033-001, MOST 109-2313-B-001-017, MOST 110-2923-B-001-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2327-B-016-004, MOST 109-2927-I-001-511, MOST 109-2321-B-033-001, MOST 109-2313-B-001-017, MOST 110-2923-B-001-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001869","name":"Academia Sinica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020 NBRP Translational Research Project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 NBRP Translational Research Project"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Scrub typhus (ST), also known as tsutsugamushi disease and caused by rickettsia\n                    <jats:italic>Orientia tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is an underestimated fatal epidemic in the Asia-Pacific region, resulting in a million human infections each year. ST is easily misdiagnosed as clinical diagnosis is based on non-specific skin eschar and flu-like symptoms. Thus, the lack of accurate, convenient, and low-cost detection methods for ST poses a global health threat. To address this problem, we adopted baculovirus surface-display technology to express three variants of TSA56, the major membrane antigen of\n                    <jats:italic>O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as well as the passenger domain of ScaC (ScaC-PD), on insect Sf21 cell surfaces rather than biosafety level 3 bacteria in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Recombinant TSA56 and ScaC-PD were all properly expressed and displayed on Sf21 cells. Our cell-based ELISA comprising the four antigen-displaying cell types interacted with monoclonal antibodies as well as serum samples from ST-positive field-caught rats. This cell-based ELISA presented high accuracy (96.3%), sensitivity (98.6%), and specificity (84.6%) when tested against the ST-positive rat sera. Results of a pilot study using human sera were also highly consistent with the results of immunofluorescence analyses. By adopting this approach, we circumvented complex purification and refolding processes required to generate recombinant\n                    <jats:italic>O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>\n                    antigens and reduced the need for expensive equipment and extensively trained operators. Thus, our system has the potential to become a widely used serological platform for diagnosing ST.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.761136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T11:34:50Z","timestamp":1634124890000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development of a Scrub Typhus Diagnostic Platform Incorporating Cell-Surface Display Technology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chih-Chi","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Hsuan","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huei-Ru","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pey-Ru","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang-Chi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chan","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.271065074","article-title":"Scrub 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