{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:33:58Z","timestamp":1789086838193,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Probiotic administration is a potential strategy against enteric pathogen infection in either clinical treatment or animal nutrition industry, but the administration duration of probiotics varied and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. A strain (YC) affiliated to <jats:italic>Pediococcus pentosaceus<\/jats:italic>, a commonly used probiotic, was isolated from fish gut and the potential role of YC against <jats:italic>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic> was detected in zebrafish. We found that 3- or 4-week YC administration (YC3W or YC4W) increased the resistance against <jats:italic>A. hydrophila<\/jats:italic> while 1- or 2-week treatment (YC1W or YC2W) did not. To determine the possible reason, intestinal microbiota analysis and RNAseq were conducted. The results showed that compared with CON and YC1W, YC4W significantly increased the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producing bacteria and elevated the gene expression of <jats:italic>nlrp3<\/jats:italic>. Higher butyrate content and enhanced expression of IL1\u03b2 were subsequently found in YC4W. To identify the causal relationship between butyrate and the higher pathogen resistance, different concentrations of sodium butyrate (SB) were supplemented. The results suggested that 10 mmol\/kg SB addition mirrored the protective effect of YC4W by increasing the production of IL-1\u03b2. Furthermore, the increased IL-1\u03b2 raised the percentage of intestinal neutrophils, which endued the zebrafish with <jats:italic>A. hydrophila<\/jats:italic> resistance. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> knockdown of intestinal <jats:italic>il1b<\/jats:italic> eliminated the anti-infection effect. Collectively, our data suggested that the molecular mechanism of probiotics determined the administration duration, which is vital for the efficiency of probiotics. Promoting host inflammation by probiotic pretreatment is one potential way for probiotics to provide their protective effects against pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.766401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T07:44:53Z","timestamp":1638344693000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Pediococcus pentosaceus Enhances Host Resistance Against Pathogen by Increasing IL-1\u03b2 Production: Understanding Probiotic Effectiveness and Administration Duration"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chengjie","family":"Shan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Yu","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Ling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.117","article-title":"Probiotics and the Gut Microbiota in Intestinal Health and Disease","volume":"7","author":"Gareau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3312","article-title":"The Impact of Probiotics and Prebiotics on the Immune System","volume":"12","author":"Klaenhammer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13828","article-title":"Precision Microbiome Reconstitution Restores Bile Acid Mediated Resistance to Clostridium Difficile","volume":"517","author":"Buffie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16152","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.152","article-title":"Transcriptional Interactions Suggest Niche Segregation Among Microorganisms in the Human Gut","volume":"1","author":"Plichta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15524","article-title":"Bacteriocin Production Augments Niche Competition by Enterococci in the Mammalian Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"526","author":"Kommineni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2018.08.003","article-title":"Modulation of the Gut Microbiota to Improve Innate Resistance","volume":"54","author":"Schnupf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700440104","article-title":"Bacteriocin Production as a Mechanism for the Antiinfective Activity of Lactobacillus Salivarius UCC118","volume":"104","author":"Corr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0616-y","article-title":"Pathogen Elimination by Probiotic Bacillus via Signalling Interference","volume":"562","author":"Piewngam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9273-y","article-title":"Roles of Probiotic Lactobacilli Inclusion in Helping Piglets Establish Healthy Intestinal Inter-Environment for Pathogen Defense","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000410","article-title":"Probiotics for Prevention of Clostridium Difficile Infection","volume":"34","author":"Mills","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-021-01197-6","article-title":"F. 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