{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:02:50Z","timestamp":1768564970293,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Foodborne intestinal inflammation is a major health and welfare issue in aquaculture. To prevent enteritis, various additives have been incorporated into the fish diet. Considering anti-inflammatory immune regulation, an effective natural compound could potentially treat or prevent intestinal inflammation. Our previous study has revealed galantamine\u2019s effect on soybean induced enteritis (SBMIE) and has highlighted the possible role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the fish gut. To further activate the intestinal cholinergic related anti-inflammatory function, \u03b17nAchR signaling was considered. In this study, sinomenine, a typical agonist of \u03b17nAChR in mammals, was tested to treat fish foodborne enteritis <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> its potential anti-inflammation effect using the zebrafish foodborne enteritis model. After sinomenine\u2019s dietary inclusion, results suggested that there was an alleviation of intestinal inflammation at a pathological level. This outcome was demonstrated through the improved morphology of intestinal villi. At a molecular level, SN suppressed inflammatory cytokines\u2019 expression (especially for <jats:italic>tnf-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>) and upregulated anti-inflammation-related functions (indicated by expression of <jats:italic>il-10<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>il-22<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>foxp3a<\/jats:italic>). To systematically understand sinomenine\u2019s intestinal effect on SBMIE, transcriptomic analysis was done on the SBMIE adult fish model. DEGs (sinomenine <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> soybean meal groups) were enriched in GO terms related to the negative regulation of lymphocyte\/leukocyte activation and alpha-beta T cell proliferation, as well as the regulation of lymphocyte migration. The KEGG pathways for glycolysis and insulin signaling indicated metabolic adjustments of \u03b17nAchR mediated anti-inflammatory effect. To demonstrate the immune cells\u2019 response, in the SBMIE larva model, inflammatory gatherings of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes caused by soybean meal could be relieved significantly with the inclusion of sinomenine. This was consistent within the sinomenine group as CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> or Foxp3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> lymphocytes were found with a higher proportion at the base of mucosal folds, which may suggest the Treg population. Echoing, the sinomenine group\u2019s 16s sequencing result, there were fewer enteritis-related TM7, <jats:italic>Sphingomonas<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>, but more <jats:italic>Cetobacterium<\/jats:italic>, which were related to glucose metabolism. Our findings indicate that sinomenine hydrochloride could be important in the prevention of fish foodborne enteritis at both immune and microbiota levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.766845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T13:21:06Z","timestamp":1638278466000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Sinomenine Hydrochloride Ameliorates Fish Foodborne Enteritis via \u03b17nAchR-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Effect Whilst Altering Microbiota 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