{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:41:25Z","timestamp":1780447285835,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dendritic cells (DCs) are key antigen-presenting cells that prime naive T cells and initiate adaptive immunity. Although the genetic deficiency and transgenic overexpression of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling were reported to influence the homeostasis of DCs, the <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> development of DC subsets following injection of GM-CSF has not been analyzed in detail. Among the treatment of mice with different hematopoietic cytokines, only GM-CSF generates a distinct subset of XCR1<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>33D1<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup> DCs which make up the majority of DCs in the spleen after three daily injections. These GM-CSF-induced DCs (GMiDCs) are distinguished from classical DCs (cDCs) in the spleen by their expression of CD115 and CD301b and by their superior ability to present blood-borne antigen and thus to stimulate CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells. Unlike cDCs in the spleen, GMiDCs are exceptionally effective to polarize and expand T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and able to induce allergic sensitization in response to blood-borne antigen. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis and adoptive cell transfer assay reveal the sequential differentiation of classical monocytes into pre-GMiDCs and GMiDCs. Interestingly, mixed bone marrow chimeric mice of <jats:italic>Csf2rb<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup> and <jats:italic>Csf2rb<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup> demonstrate that the generation of GMiDCs necessitates the <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic> expression of GM-CSF receptor. Besides the spleen, GMiDCs are generated in the CCR7-independent resident DCs of the LNs and in some peripheral tissues with GM-CSF treatment. Also, small but significant numbers of GMiDCs are generated in the spleen and other tissues during chronic allergic inflammation. Collectively, our present study identifies a splenic subset of CD115<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>CD301b<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> GMiDCs that possess a strong capacity to promote Th2 polarization and allergic sensitization against blood-borne antigen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.767037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T06:11:51Z","timestamp":1641190311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor Produces a Splenic Subset of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells That Efficiently Polarize T Helper Type 2 Cells in Response to Blood-Borne Antigen"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Seul Hye","family":"Ryu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun 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