{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:05:13Z","timestamp":1792440313808,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015390","name":"Universit\u00e9 de Franche-Comt\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015390","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011773","name":"Conseil r\u00e9gional de Bourgogne-Franche-Comt\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004099","name":"Ligue Contre le Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004099","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Human cytomegalovirus is being recognized as a potential oncovirus beside its oncomodulation role. We previously isolated two clinical isolates, HCMV-DB (KT959235) and HCMV-BL (MW980585), which in primary human mammary epithelial cells promoted oncogenic molecular pathways, established anchorage-independent growth\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and produced tumorigenicity in mice models, therefore named high-risk oncogenic strains. In contrast, other clinical HCMV strains such as HCMV-FS, KM, and SC did not trigger such traits, therefore named low-risk oncogenic strains. In this study, we compared high-risk oncogenic HCMV-DB and BL strains (high-risk) with low-risk oncogenic strains HCMV-FS, KM, and SC (low-risk) additionally to the prototypic HCMV-TB40\/E, knowing that all strains infect HMECs\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Numerous pro-oncogenic features including enhanced expression of oncogenes, cell survival, proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes were observed with HCMV-BL.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , mammosphere formation was observed only in high-risk strains. HCMV-TB40\/E showed an intermediate transcriptome landscape with limited mammosphere formation. Since we observed that Ki67 gene expression allows us to discriminate between high and low-risk HCMV strains\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we further tested its expression\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Among HCMV-positive breast cancer biopsies, we only detected high expression of the Ki67 gene in basal tumors which may correspond to the presence of high-risk HCMV strains within tumors. Altogether, the transcriptome of HMECs infected with HCMV clinical isolates displays an \u201concogenic gradient\u201d where high-risk strains specifically induce a prooncogenic environment which might participate in breast cancer development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.772160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T02:01:46Z","timestamp":1640138506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Distinct Oncogenic Transcriptomes in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells Infected With Cytomegalovirus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sandy","family":"Haidar Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Pasquereau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranim","family":"El Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeina","family":"Nehme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Lewandowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Herbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45014","article-title":"Identification of Human Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Subtypes and Preclinical Models for Selection of Targeted Therapies","volume":"121","author":"Lehmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2011-100716","article-title":"Prediction of Breast Cancer Risk by Genetic 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