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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transcription factors (TFs) modulate genes involved in cell-type-specific proliferative and migratory properties, metabolic features, and effector functions. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogen agents in the porcine industry; however, TFs have been poorly studied during the course of this disease. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the expressions of the TFs <jats:italic>T-bet<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>GATA3<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>FOXP3<\/jats:italic>, and Eomesodermin (<jats:italic>EOMES<\/jats:italic>) in target organs (the lung, tracheobronchial lymph node, and thymus) and those of different effector cytokines (<jats:italic>IFNG<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TNFA<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>IL10<\/jats:italic>) and the Fas ligand (<jats:italic>FASL<\/jats:italic>) during the early phase of infection with PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. Target organs from mock-, virulent Lena-, and low virulent 3249-infected animals humanely euthanized at 1, 3, 6, 8, and 13 days post-infection (dpi) were collected to analyze the PRRSV viral load, histopathological lesions, and relative quantification through reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) of the TFs and cytokines. Animals belonging to both infected groups, but mainly those infected with the virulent Lena strain, showed upregulation of the TFs <jats:italic>T-bet<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>EOMES<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>FOXP3<\/jats:italic>, together with an increase of the cytokine <jats:italic>IFN-\u03b3<\/jats:italic> in target organs at the end of the study (approximately 2 weeks post-infection). These results are suggestive of a stronger polarization to Th1 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), but also CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), effector CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, and \u03b3\u03b4T cells in virulent PRRSV-1-infected animals; however, their biological functionality should be the object of further studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.773146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T16:24:41Z","timestamp":1639067081000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Activation of T-bet, FOXP3, and EOMES in Target Organs From Piglets Infected With the Virulent PRRSV-1 Lena 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